Changes in ophthalmic artery Doppler indices in hypertensive disorders during pregnancy

Analysis of Ophthalmic Artery Doppler in Normotensive, Preeclamptic, and Eclamptic Pregnancies in Correlation With Clinical Parameters in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

Preeclampsia occurs in hypertensive pregnant women beyond 20 weeks of gestation and is accompanied by proteinuria. Hypertensive retinopathy is the most prevalent sign of preeclampsia, and eclampsia and it needs to be addressed at the earliest opportunity. This study was intended to gauge and assess the ophthalmic artery Doppler indices such as mean enveloped velocity, the pulsatility index (PI), and the resistivity index (RI) in normotensive, preeclamptic, and eclamptic pregnancies with their respective correlations. We also saw correlations with serum creatinine and platelets with the PI and RI. Methods A prospective case-control study was conducted among 70 subjects in the Department of Radiodiagnosis of Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Tamaka, Karnataka, India. We carried out ultrasound and Doppler examinations of the right ophthalmic artery. Doppler indices including mean enveloped velocity, PI, and RI were assessed in normotensive as well as preeclamptic pregnancies. Results The mean ages of cases and controls were 28.26 and 26.74 years, respectively. The mean RIs in controls and cases were 0.86 and 0.69, respectively (preeclampsia and eclampsia were 0.73 and 0.65, respectively), whereas the mean PIs in controls and cases were 1.96 and 1.17, respectively (preeclampsia and eclampsia were 1.31 and 1.06, respectively). The mean enveloped velocities in preeclampsia and eclampsia were 28.82 cm/sec and 20.43 cm/sec, respectively. Conclusion We found a definite reduction in the PI, RI, and mean enveloped velocity flow levels in preeclampsia and eclampsia patients in comparison to that amongst normal subjects. Therefore, it is important to assess and manage such conditions at the earliest stage to achieve a better prognosis while providing adequate treatment to the patient.

Prediction of adverse outcome by ophthalmic artery Doppler and angiogenic markers in pregnancies with new onset hypertension

OBJECTIVES

To compare the ophthalmic artery Doppler peak systolic velocity ratio (OA PSV-ratio) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor ratio (sFlt-1/PlGF ratio) in predicting adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in women presenting with new onset hypertension.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective cohort study in a specialist hypertension clinic, within a tertiary referral centre.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Comparison between the OA PSV-ratio and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in predicting delivery within one week from presentation and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes e.g. severe hypertension, neonatal unit admission, small for gestational age.

RESULTS

Women who delivered within one week, compared to those who did not, had a higher OA PSV-ratio (0.82 vs 0.71, p < 0.01) and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio (93.3 vs 40.5, p = 0.08). Independent predictors of the OA PSV-ratio included mean arterial pressure and maternal weight and predictors of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio included diastolic blood pressure and use of antihypertensive medications. Prediction of adverse outcomes with both ratios were similar and only modest e.g. AUROC for predicting delivery within one week for OA PSV-ratio was 0.57 (95% CI 0.47-0.67) and for sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was 0.61 (95% CI 0.52-0.70) (p = 0.53).

CONCLUSIONS

In women presenting with new onset hypertension, the OA PSV-ratio and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio have similar and modest performance in predicting adverse outcomes.

A Correlational Study of Ophthalmic Artery Doppler Parameters and Maternal Blood Pressure in Normotensive and Pre-eclamptic Pregnancies at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background Hypertensive disorders are one of the most common complications of pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ophthalmic artery Doppler indices and preeclampsia development and evaluate differences in these indices between normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving a sample size of 80 pregnant women: 40 normotensive and 40 preeclamptic. The participants' ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters were evaluated using ultrasonography. Various clinical and demographic factors were also collected for analysis. Results Significant differences in the pulsatility index (PI) and end-diastolic volume (EDV) of the ophthalmic arteries were found between the normotensive and preeclamptic participants (p < 0.05). An inverse correlation was observed between the ophthalmic artery PI (OAPI) and mean maternal arterial pressure, suggesting reduced orbital vascular resistance and increased orbital flow. Moreover, the decrease in PI was more significant in severely preeclamptic women than in mildly preeclamptic and normotensive women. The findings indicated a significant correlation between ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters and the development of preeclampsia. The decrease in OAPI was particularly profound in women with severe preeclampsia. However, the study was limited by its small sample size and the lack of matching of participants based on maternal age, gestational age, and other factors. Conclusions The study results suggest that ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters, mainly PI and EDV, could serve as reliable indicators for the development of preeclampsia. Given their safety, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility, these parameters can help differentiate between preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies in late gestation. Further research with larger sample sizes and matched participant groups is recommended for more conclusive results.

Ophthalmic artery Doppler in the complementary diagnosis of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the accuracy of different parameters of the ophthalmic artery Doppler (OAD) in the complementary diagnosis of preeclampsia (PE).

METHODS

This meta-analysis adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. To investigate the mean difference in OAD values, peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), second systolic velocity peak (P2), resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and peak ratio (PR), between PE cases (overall and according to severity) and controls, random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for each Doppler parameter, with overall PE and mild and severe PE subgroups. Diagnostic performance and heterogeneity were evaluated with summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curves and 95% confidence intervals obtained with bivariate models.

RESULTS

Eight studies stratified the results into mild and severe or late and early PE, involving 1,425 pregnant women. PR and P2 had better diagnostic performance than the other indexes, with the PR of AUsROC at 0.885, the sensitivity of 84%, and specificity of 92%, with a low false-positive rate of 0.08 and the P2 with AUsROC of 0.926, the sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 88%. RI, PI, and EDV showed good performance and consistency across studies but lower AUsROC values of 0.833, 0.794, and 0.772, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Ophthalmic artery Doppler is a complementary tool with good performance for the diagnosis of overall and severe preeclampsia, with high and best sensitivity and specificity when using PR and P2 parameters.

Ophthalmic artery Doppler for pre-eclampsia prediction at the first trimester: a Bayesian survival-time model

OBJECTIVE

To develop a Bayesian survival-time model for the prediction of pre-eclampsia (PE) at the first trimester using a combination of established biomarkers including maternal characteristics and history, mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index (UtA-PI), and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF)) with an ophthalmic artery Doppler peak ratio (PR) analysis.

METHODS

The receiving operator curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine the area under the curve (AUC), detection rate (DR), and positive screening cut-off value of the model in predicting the occurrence of early-onset PE (< 34 weeks' gestation) and preterm PE (< 37 weeks' gestation).

RESULTS

Of the 946 eligible participants, 71 (7.49%) subjects were affected by PE. The incidences of early-onset and preterm PE were 1% and 2.2%, respectively. At a 10% false-positive rate, using the high-risk cut-off 1:49, with AUC 0.981 and 95%CI 0.965-0.998, this model had an 100% of DR in predicting early-onset PE. The DR of this model in predicting preterm PE is 71% when using 1:13 as the cut-off, with AUC 0.919 and 95%CI 0.875-0.963.

CONCLUSION

Combination ophthalmic artery Doppler PR with the previously established biomarkers could improve the accuracy of early and preterm PE prediction at the first trimester screening.

Diminished choroidal blood flow in hypertensive and preeclamptic third trimester pregnancies using optical coherence tomography angiography

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to compare choroidal adjusted flow index (AFI) in healthy, hypertensive & preeclamptic pregnancies using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

METHODS

In this prospective study, healthy, hypertensive & preeclamptic third trimester pregnant women underwent OCTA imaging. 3x3 & 6x6 mm choriocapillaris slabs were exported and the parafoveal area was marked by two concentric ETDRS circles at 1 & 3 mm, centered on the foveal avascular zone. Parafoveal AFI was calculated as a parameter of choroidal blood flow.

RESULTS

Fifteen eyes of fifteen women per group were recruited (45 eyes). AFI was significantly lower in the preeclamptic compared to the healthy & hypertensive groups (Tukey HSD: <0.001 in both groups on 3x3 mm, and 0.02 & 0.04 in 6x6 mm scans), and in the hypertensive compared to the healthy group (0.005 & 0.03 in 3x3 & 6x6 mm scans respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia revealed the lowest choroidal blood flow on OCTA followed by pregnancies with systemic hypertension compared to healthy pregnancies. We provide in-vivo documentation of choroidal ischemia, highlighting its culpability in hypertensive and preeclamptic retinochoroidal pathology, and the possibility of utilizing choroidal blood flow on OCTA as a precursor for disease progression.

Doppler parameters of ophthalmic artery in women with preeclampsia: A meta-analysis

Preeclampsia is a progressive and severe cardiovascular disorder in pregnant women. To determine the potential significance of ophthalmic Doppler parameters in preeclamptic women and to provide evidence-based hints for clinical practice and scientific investigation. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library till July 31, 2022. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random effects model. Heterogeneity across included studies was evaluated utilizing the Q test and I² statistic. We identified 8 observational studies that met the inclusion criteria. The pooled SMD for peak systolic velocities (PSV) was .12 (95% CI: -.82, 1.06, p = .8071; I²  = 94%, p < .0001). The overall SMD for time-averaged mean peak velocities (MV) was 1.79 (95% CI: .87, 2.71, p = .0001; I²  = 60%, p = .1152). Regarding the pulsatility index (PI), the pooled SMD was -2.05 (95% CI: -3.12, -.98, p = .0002; I²  = 92%, p < .0001). Overall SMD for end-diastolic velocities (EDV) was 1.11 (95% CI: .23, 1.98, p = .0136; I²  = 92%, p < .0001). The pooled SMDs for resistance index (RI) and peak ratio (PR) was -.18 (95% CI: -1.90, 1.53, p = .8333; I²  = 96%, p < .0001) and 1.46 (95% CI: -1.30, 4.22, p = .2994; I²  = 99%, p < .0001), respectively. Publication bias was not identified. MV, PI, and EDV showed significant differences between patients with preeclampsia and non-hypertensive pregnant participants. Studies on the predictive performance of ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters are warranted.

Changes in ophthalmic artery Doppler during acute blood-pressure control in hypertensive pregnant women

OBJECTIVE

To examine the changes in ophthalmic artery Doppler indices and their association with changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, following acute antihypertensive treatment in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy presenting with high blood pressure.

METHODS

This was a prospective cohort study of 31 pregnant women presenting at 30 + 0 to 39 + 6 weeks' gestation for management of their hypertension. Paired maternal blood-pressure and ophthalmic-artery-Doppler measurements were performed prior to and at 30 min and 60 min after starting antihypertensive medication. In patients who did not achieve blood-pressure control (i.e. when blood pressure was < 140/90 mmHg) by 60 min, paired readings were continued up to 120 min. If blood-pressure control was still not achieved at that point, patients were admitted to hospital. Univariate linear regression was performed to determine the association of ophthalmic artery peak systolic velocity (PSV) ratio with SBP, DBP and MAP before treatment and after blood-pressure control. The longitudinal changes in MAP, SBP, DBP and PSV ratio from pretreatment to 30 min and 60 min after commencement of antihypertensives were examined by repeated measure, multilevel, linear mixed-effects analysis.

RESULTS

Antihypertensive treatment was associated with a decrease in SBP, DBP, MAP and PSV ratio. At 60 min following antihypertensive treatment, the decrease in SBP, DBP, MAP and PSV ratio was 12.1 mmHg (95% CI, 9.0-15.1 mmHg; P < 0.0001), 9.1 mmHg (95% CI, 6.5-11.5 mmHg; P < 0.0001), 10.0 mmHg (95% CI, 7.6-12.4 mmHg; P < 0.0001) and 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03-0.11 mmHg; P < 0.001), respectively. From the total cohort, 20 (64.5%) women had achieved blood-pressure control at 60 min and another seven (22.6%) by 120 min from commencement of antihypertensive treatment. Four (12.9%) women did not achieve blood-pressure control during this period and were admitted to hospital. The relationship between PSV ratio and SBP, DBP and MAP was assessed before treatment (n = 31) and at the point of blood-pressure control in women in whom this was achieved by 120 min (n = 27). Prior to treatment, there was a significant association between PSV ratio and MAP (P < 0.0001, R²  = 0.39). This was primarily due to the association of PSV ratio with DBP (P < 0.0001, R²  = 0.39) and less so due to its association with SBP (P = 0.02, R²  = 0.16). At the point of achieving blood-pressure control, there was no significant association between PSV ratio and MAP (P = 0.7), DBP (P = 0.5) or SBP (P = 0.7).

CONCLUSIONS

Acute blood-pressure control in pregnancy is associated with a concomitant reduction in blood pressure and ophthalmic artery PSV ratio. In hypertensive pregnant women, there is a significant association of PSV ratio with MAP, SBP and DBP, which disappears after blood pressure is reduced to < 140/90 mmHg following antihypertensive treatment. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Performance of ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry in the complementary diagnosis of preeclampsia

OBJECTIVES

To calculate the accuracy (A) and establish the best cutoff value for ophthalmic artery (OA) Doppler velocimetry indexes in patients diagnosed with preeclampsia (PE), compared with healthy pregnant women.

METHODS

This prospective experimental study enrolled 268 women: 133 with PE and 135 healthy pregnant women. All patients were evaluated by OA Doppler sonography, bilaterally, to assess their pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), peak systolic velocity (PVS), second peak systolic velocity (P2), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and peak ratio (PR). Means were compared using Student's T-test. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve was used to establish the cutoff value and estimate the sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), accuracy (A) of all variables, and a significance of 95% was adopted.

RESULTS

ROC curve analysis showed that P2 and PR were superior to the other parameters for PE diagnosis. We tested two cutoff values: (1) using PR ≥0.70, obtained A: 88.72%, S: 81.95%, and Sp: 95.48% and (2) using PR ≥0.75, and A: 86.24%, S: 74.43%, and Sp: 99.24%. By adopting P2 ≥ 21.5 cm/s, we obtained A: 87.59%, S: 84.96%, and Sp: 90.22% and when the cutoff point was P2 ≥ 22 cm/s, there was a slight decrease in A to 86.46% and S to 81.20%, with Sp: 91.89.3%.

CONCLUSION

Ophthalmic artery Doppler demonstrated to be an effective and high-performance imaging method for the diagnosis of PE and the indexes P2 and PR demonstrated superior accuracy to the other Doppler parameters assessed. Higher performance occurred when the cutoff values with greater specificity were adopted, PR ≥ 0.75 and P2 ≥ 22 cm/s, considering that the proposed OA Doppler is to be a complementary method for preeclampsia.

Ophthalmic artery peak systolic velocity ratio distinguishes preeclampsia from chronic and gestational hypertension: A prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To examine whether the ophthalmic artery peak systolic velocity ratio (OA PSV-ratio) is higher in women with preeclampsia (PE), compared to gestational hypertension (GH) and chronic hypertension (CH), after controlling for confounding variables.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort.

SETTING

Specialist hypertension clinic in a tertiary referral centre.

POPULATION

Singleton pregnancies presenting between 32+0 to 36+6 weeks' gestation with PE (n=50), GH (n=54) and CH (n=56).

METHODS

Paired measurements of maternal mean arterial pressure (MAP) and OA PSV-ratio were performed by trained sonographers. Multiple linear regression was fitted to the OA PSV-ratio, including maternal characteristics and medical history, GH, PE and MAP and use of antihypertensive medication.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Whether PE is independently associated with higher OA PSV-ratio.

RESULTS

MAP was significantly higher in both GH (p=0.0015) and PE (p=0.008) than in CH pregnancies. There was no significant difference between PE and GH (0.670). The OA PSV-ratio was significantly higher in PE than CH (p=0.0008) and GH (p=0.015). There was no significant difference between the OA PSV-ratio in CH and GH (p=0.352). Multiple linear regression modelling showed that the OA PSV-ratio was influenced by maternal weight (p=0.005), maternal age (p=0.014), antihypertensive medications (p=0.007) and MAP (p<0.0001). After controlling for these variables, the OA PSV-ratio was still significantly higher in those with PE (p=0.0002).

CONCLUSIONS

The OA PSV-ratio is influenced by maternal weight, age, antihypertensive medications and MAP. PE is an independent predictor of OA PSV-ratio, which therefore may be a useful point-of-care test when assessing women presenting with hypertension.

A sex specific approach of ophthalmic and middle cerebral arteries Doppler in smokers

Vascular dysfunctions can progress and lead to stroke and cardiovascular disease, especially in smokers. The presence of particular vascular changes according to sex has been described and they can be identified by the Doppler method. This study evaluated Doppler velocimetry parameters of the Ophthalmic Artery (OA) and the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) according to sex in smokers regarding a non-smoker group. This cross-sectional observational study included 178 subjects: 93 women and 85 men. Doppler parameters were assessed in OA and MCA. Student's t-test was used, with p < 0.05. There were no significant differences in OA and MCA Doppler velocimetry data between male non-smokers and smokers. However, female smokers presented several differences compared with non-smokers: lower pulsatility index (PI) and higher peak ratio in OA, and higher PI and resistance index and lower end diastolic velocity in MCA. There were different brain vascular waveforms in the group of female smokers compared with non-smokers. Cigarette smoking also led to opposite arterial patterns in OA and MCA in the female group, with signs of falling impedance in OA and increased impedance in MCA. An individualized approach regarding arterial changes according to sex is desirable.

Doppler Velocimetry of the Ophthalmic Artery Behavior in Twin Pregnancy

Our main objective was to evaluate the ophthalmic artery Doppler behavior in twin pregnancies and compare with singleton pregnancies. We studied 64 healthy twin pregnant women between 12 to 38 weeks of gestation. Resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and peak ratio (PR) were determined. The control group consisted of 289 singletons. Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between gestational age and the ophthalmic indexes. Student t test was used to compare the means and standard deviation of the Doppler indexes. There was a decrease in RI and PI and an increase in PR with advancing gestational age (ρ < 0.0001, 0.0052, and 0.0033). The means ± SDs for RI, PI, and PR were 0.77 ± 0.07, 1.79 ± 0.46, and 0.53 ± 0.12, in women with twin pregnancies and 0.75 ± 0.05, 1.88 ± 0.43, and 0.52 ± 0.10 in singletons. No significant difference was found between the PI and PR values, but significant difference was found in the RI values between the groups (P = 0.0332). We concluded that there are no significant differences in ophthalmic artery behavior in twins and the same reference values established in singleton pregnancies can be applied for PI and PR indexes in the evaluation of twin pregnancies. These indexes were the best to evaluate twin pregnancies.

Relationship between ophthalmic artery Doppler and maternal cardiovascular function

OBJECTIVE

In mid-gestation, the finding of an increase in the ophthalmic artery second to first peak of systolic velocity ratio (PSV ratio) provides useful prediction of subsequent development of pre-eclampsia (PE). The objective of this study of an unselected population at 19-23 weeks' gestation was to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence ophthalmic artery Doppler by examining the possible association between the PSV ratio and maternal cardiovascular function.

METHODS

This was a prospective observational study in women attending for a routine hospital visit at 19 + 1 to 23 + 3 weeks' gestation. This visit included assessment of flow velocity waveforms from the maternal ophthalmic arteries and assessment of maternal cardiovascular function. The following nine cardiovascular indices were examined: E/A ratio; E/e' ratio; myocardial performance index; global longitudinal systolic strain; left ventricular ejection fraction; peripheral vascular resistance; left ventricular cardiac output; left ventricular mass indexed for body surface area; and mean arterial pressure. The ophthalmic artery PSV ratio and the nine cardiovascular indices were converted to either log₁₀ multiples of the median (MoM) values or deviations from the median (deltas) values after adjustment for maternal characteristics and elements of medical history. Regression analysis was then used to examine the significance of the association between PSV ratio delta and MoM or delta values of each cardiovascular index in the total population and in the subgroup that developed PE.

RESULTS

The study population of 2853 pregnancies contained 76 (2.7%) that developed PE. In the total population, there were significant but weak associations between the PSV ratio and most of the cardiovascular indices, with r-values of < 0.1, except for mean arterial pressure with r = 0.178. In the subgroup that developed PE, a moderately strong association between the PSV ratio and left ventricular mass indexed for body surface area was noted (r = 0.308).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study suggest that Doppler assessment of PSV ratio in the ophthalmic artery provides information about peripheral vascular status. The increase in PSV ratio in women who develop PE is associated with increased afterload and an increase in left ventricular thickness. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Effects of age on the peak ratio of ophthalmic artery Doppler

This study aimed to investigate the effects of age on the peak ratio (PR) of ophthalmic artery (OA) Doppler.The initial peak velocity (P1), second peak velocity (P2) and PR of OA were detected by color Doppler ultrasonography in 147 healthy subjects. All of the subjects were divided into 6 groups (G1-G6) according to the age. (G1, 20-29 years; G2, 30-39 years; G3, 40-49 years; G4, 50-59 years; G5, 60-69 years; and G6, 70 years or older). The blood pressure and heart rate were also examined before ultrasonography. The influences of age, blood pressure and heart rate on the P1, P2, and PR were further evaluated.There were significant differences in the P2 and PR among different age groups except for P1. There were no significant differences in the P2 and PR between the first 2 groups, neither among the latter 4 groups. Nevertheless, P2 and PR in the first 2 groups were significantly different from those in the latter 4 groups. In addition, both P2 and PR (not P1) increased significantly with age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. P1, P2 and PR were not related to heart rate. Both P2 and PR were closely related to the age. PR also had a weak relationship with systolic blood pressure.Both P2 and PR of OA Doppler increase with age. Concern should be raised when P2 and PR are used to evaluate the hemodynamic change of OA.

Predictive value of ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry in relation to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

PURPOSE

To test the predictive value of ophthalmic artery (OA) Doppler velocimetry in relation to the occurrence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP).

METHODS

We compared, by analysis of variance, the values of seven OA Doppler variables (peak systolic velocity, second systolic peak velocity [P2], mean velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistance index [RI], pulsatility index [PI], and peak ratio) of 31 women with preeclampsia and 33 women with gestational hypertension vs those of 227 women without HDP. The prognostic value of these variables in relation to the occurrence of HDP was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) receiver operating characteristic curve.

RESULTS

All OA Doppler variables except RI and PI showed significant (P < .5) differences between groups. After adjustment for confounders, only P2 was an independent predictor of HDP (P < .001), with an AUC of 0.76. The best cut-off point for predicting HDP was P2 ≥ 21.4 cm/s, with sensitivity 69%, specificity 78%, positive likelihood ratio 3.1, negative likelihood ratio 0.4, positive predictive value 47%, and negative predictive value 90%. P2 improved the predictive ability of a model based on clinical variables, incrementing AUC from 0.77 to 0.84 in the final model containing clinical and Doppler variables.

CONCLUSION

The elevation of OA P2 in the second trimester of pregnancy is an independent predictor of hypertensive disorders, and improves the discriminatory ability of clinical markers.

Decreased retinal thickness in preschool offspring of maternal gestational hypertension: the Nanjing Eye Study

PURPOSE

To evaluate the influence of maternal gestational hypertension (GH) on retinal thickness of 5-6-year-old children, including macular thickness, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness.

METHODS

As part of Nanjing Eye Study, comprehensive ocular examinations were conducted in children aged 61-72 months, including noncycloplegic refraction, ocular biometric parameters and retinal parameters. Retinal thickness was measured by Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography. Data on pregnancy and birth history were obtained from a detailed questionnaire completed by parents.

RESULTS

Among 1062 children [mean age (standard deviation): 66.9 (3.4) months] with complete from eye examination and questionnaire, 30 (2.8%) children were born with maternal GH. In generalized linear models (adjusted for sex, age, spherical equivalent, axial length, body mass index, birth weight and premature history), children born with maternal GH had thinner average RNFL thickness (100.5 versus 104.4 μm, p = 0.035), superior RNFL thickness (123.7 versus 132.0 μm, p = 0.007), superior GC-IPL thickness (83.7 versus 86.4 μm, p = 0.005), superior-nasal GC-IPL thickness (86.3 versus 88.4 μm, p = 0.029) and superior outer macular thickness (278.0 versus 283.0 μm, p = 0.034) than children born with normal pregnancy.

CONCLUSION

Children exposed to maternal GH tended to have thinner macular, RNFL and GC-IPL thickness. These findings suggest that maternal GH may affect the development of retina in children thus hinders the development of the offspring's nervous system.

What Is the Role of the Maternal Ophthalmic and Cervical Internal Carotid Arteries in Predicting Maternal Adverse Outcomes in Preeclampsia?

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate the efficacy of maternal ophthalmic artery (OA) and cervical internal carotid artery (CICA) in predicting adverse maternal outcomes and gestational age at birth in preeclampsia (PE).

METHODS

The study was performed at the Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital. Measurements were made in 2 groups consisting of 50 pregnant women with PE and 50 healthy pregnant women. The peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity, PI, RI, first diastolic peak velocity, systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio, and peak ratio of the maternal OA were measured by a transorbital Doppler ultrasound (US) scan. The PSV, end-diastolic velocity, PI, RI, and S/D ratio of the CICA were measured. The differences of Doppler indices between groups with P < .05 were considered statistically significant. Cutoff values were calculated, which could be used to predict adverse maternal outcomes and gestational age at birth.

RESULTS

The RI and PI values of the OA were lower, and the first diastolic peak velocity, PSV, and peak ratio values were higher among the PE group. The RI and S/D values of the CICA were significantly lower in the PE group compared to the healthy group. The OA RI was determined to be the strongest US variable in predicting adverse maternal outcomes and gestational age at birth, with a cutoff value of 0.72, 76% sensitivity, and 76% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

Maternal OA Doppler indices can be used as US markers to predict adverse maternal outcomes.

Assessment of Doppler flow parameters of the retrobulbar arteries and internal carotid artery in patients with glaucoma: the significance of ophthalmic artery peak ratio and the intima-media thickness of the internal carotid artery

PURPOSE

The objective of this study was to analyze flow parameters of the central retinal artery (CRA), ophthalmic artery (OA), and internal carotid artery (ICA) assessed by color Doppler ultrasound.

METHODS

Thirty-five patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (PAAG), 65 patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), and 45 healthy controls, a total of 145 patients were included in this study and study participants were divided into three groups. All study participants underwent color Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow parameters of CRA, OA and ICA.

RESULTS

Comparisons among three groups revealed that pulsatility index and resistive index of the OA were significantly higher and peak ratio and end-systolic volume were significantly lower in patients with NTG or PAAG compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001 for all). As with OA, resistive index of the CRA was statistically significantly higher in patients with glaucoma (PAAG and NTG) compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). The peak systolic volume and intima-media thickness of the ICA were statistically significantly higher in patients with PAAG compared to the other two groups (p < 0.001). ROC curve analysis of the CRA resistive index, OA resistive index and OA peak ratio in patients with glaucoma (PAAG and NTG) revealed that the sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 88%; 86% and 84%; 84% and 82%, respectively, at cutoff values of 0.64, 0.78 and 0.59, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Ophthalmic artery peak ratio and ICA intima-media thickness may be useful parameters in the diagnosis of patients with glaucoma.

Optic nerve sonography and ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry in healthy pregnant women: an Australian cohort study

PURPOSE

Maternal ocular sonography offers a window into cerebrovascular and intracranial pressure changes in pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the Doppler velocimetric variables of the ophthalmic artery, and the mean diameter of the optic nerve sheath (ONSD), in an Australian cohort of healthy pregnant women.

METHODS

A prospective observational cohort study of healthy women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies in the third trimester was undertaken in a tertiary maternity service. A single prenatal ultrasonographic examination was performed on all participants, with a postnatal examination performed on a subgroup with uncomplicated deliveries.

RESULTS

Fifty women were examined at a mean gestation of 35 weeks. The mean ± SD Doppler variables in the ophthalmic artery were peak systolic velocity (PSV) 41.89 ± 13.13 cm/s, second peak velocity 20.63 ± 8.97 cm/s, end diastolic velocity 9.29 ± 5.13 cm/s, pulsatility index 1.97 ± 0.53, resistive index 0.78 ± 0.07, peak ratio (second peak velocity/PSV) 0.49 ± 0.12, while the mean ONSD was 4.34 ± 0.4 mm. None of these variables had a demonstrable relationship with gestation or mean arterial pressure (MAP), nor did the sheath diameter have a relationship with any of the Doppler variables.

CONCLUSIONS

The ocular sonographic variables observed in this population are similar to those reported in other cohorts. No clear relationship could be identified in this cohort between ophthalmic artery Doppler variables and the ONSD, and between each of these variables and gestation or MAP.

Correlation between central and uterine hemodynamics in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

OBJECTIVE

Pregnancies affected by a hypertensive disorder (HDP) have increased uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI) compared with that in healthy pregnancies. Women with HDP are also known to have lower cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between central and uterine hemodynamics in HDP and uncomplicated pregnancy.

METHODS

This was a prospective study of HDP and normotensive control singleton pregnancies presenting at a tertiary referral hospital between January 2012 and December 2017. Paired measurements of maternal hemodynamics, using a non-invasive device (USCOM-1A®), and UtA-PI were performed in the third trimester. HDP pregnancies were divided into preterm (onset < 37 weeks' gestation) and term (onset ≥ 37 weeks). Spearman's rank coefficient was used to assess the correlation between the central and uteroplacental hemodynamics. Regression analysis was performed to assess the association of UtA-PI with independent variables.

RESULTS

We included 231 women with HDP (152 with preterm and 79 with term HDP) and 378 controls with normotensive pregnancy. Compared with controls, women with preterm HDP had significantly lower cardiac output (median (interquartile range (IQR)), 6.0 (5.1-7.2) vs 6.6 (5.8-7.5) L/min; P < 0.001) and significantly higher systemic vascular resistance (median (IQR), 1394 (1189-1670) vs 1063 (915-1222) dynes × s/cm⁵ ; P < 0.001) and UtA-PI (median (IQR), 1.0 (0.75-1.4) vs 0.67 (0.58-0.83); P < 0.001). Conversely, in women with term HDP, there were no significant differences in heart rate, cardiac output or UtA-PI compared with controls (all P > 0.05), while systemic vascular resistance was significantly higher (median (IQR), 1315 (1099-1527) vs 1063 (915-1222) dynes × s/cm⁵ ; P < 0.001). On multiple regression analysis, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and stroke volume were associated significantly with mean UtA-PI (all P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Differences observed between HDP and normotensive pregnancies in third-trimester UtA resistance are mirrored in the central maternal hemodynamic parameters. Late pregnancy differences in the uteroplacental circulation in preterm and term HDP are an index of maternal cardiovascular function rather than being related to inadequate spiral artery remodeling and impaired placentation. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Are There Differences in the Anthropometric, Hemodynamic, Hematologic, and Biochemical Profiles between Late- and Early-Onset Preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia (PE) is classified as early-onset PE (EOPE) and late-onset PE (LOPE) when present before or after 34 weeks of gestation, respectively. This transversal study aimed to investigate the differences and possible associations existing in the anthropometric, hemodynamic, hematologic, and biochemical profiles of late- and early-onset preeclampsia. The study included 65 volunteers admitted to a tertiary hospital in Brazil: 29 normotensive and 36 with preeclampsia (13 with EOPE and 23 with LOPE). Pregnant women with LOPE presented greater weight gain and borderline increase in body mass index at the end of gestation in relation to the other groups, which is compatible with the metabolic origin, associated with obesity, attributed to this form of the disease. Pregnant women with EOPE presented a borderline reduction in the number of erythrocytes and a significant decrease in the number of platelets, in addition to a significant increase in reticulocytes, serum iron, and ferritin when compared to normotensive pregnant women and pregnant women with LOPE. A significant increase in osmotic stability of erythrocytes was observed in the EOPE group in relation to other groups. Hemodynamic analysis by Doppler ultrasonography of the ophthalmic artery showed that both groups of pregnant women with PE presented alterations compatible with the occurrence of hyperflow in the orbital territory. These hemodynamic changes were associated with changes in hematimetric indices.

Magnesium sulfate and ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry in patients with severe preeclampsia: a case series

Background

In the present study, we used Doppler velocimetry in the ophthalmic artery to evaluate the hemodynamic status of the intracranial vasculature. This is the first time in the literature that indices of ophthalmic artery Doppler sonography of women with preeclampsia were evaluated before and after the use of magnesium sulfate to prevent eclampsia.

Case presentation

Indices of ophthalmic artery Doppler sonography of six women with severe preeclampsia at 27 to 33 weeks of gestational age were evaluated before and after the use of magnesium sulfate (10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes after the magnesium sulfate loading dosage. The patients’ ages were 26 years (patient 01), 29 years (patient 02), 20 years (patient 03), 21 years (patient 04), 20 years (patient 05), and 19 years (patient 06). The ethnic group of patients 01 and 04 was white and the ethnic group of patients 02, 03, 05 and 06 was mulatto.

Conclusions

The apparent increase in resistance index and pulsatility index values, although there is no statistical significance in this series of cases, and the decrease in peak ratio values after the administration of magnesium sulfate reflect an increase in the impedance to flow in the ophthalmic artery and consequently a reduction in cerebral perfusion after the use of magnesium sulfate. This may explain how magnesium sulfate protects women with severe preeclampsia against cerebral damage and prevents acute convulsions in these patients. We believe that this case series report may have a broader clinical impact across medicine because the mechanism of how magnesium sulfate can protect patients and prevent acute convulsions is controversial.

Vascular Dysfunction in Mother and Offspring During Preeclampsia: Contributions from Latin-American Countries

Pregnancy is a physiologically stressful condition that generates a series of functional adaptations by the cardiovascular system. The impact of pregnancy on this system persists from conception beyond birth. Recent evidence suggests that vascular changes associated with pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia, affect the function of the maternal and offspring vascular systems, after delivery and into adult life. Since the vascular system contributes to systemic homeostasis, defective development or function of blood vessels predisposes both mother and infant to future risk for chronic disease. These alterations in later life range from fertility problems to alterations in the central nervous system or immune system, among others. It is important to note that rates of morbi-mortality due to pregnancy complications including preeclampsia, as well as cardiovascular diseases, have a higher incidence in Latin-American countries than in more developed countries. Nonetheless, there is a lack both in the amount and impact of research conducted in Latin America. An impact, although smaller, can be seen when research in vascular disorders related to problems during pregnancy is analyzed. Therefore, in this review, information about preeclampsia and endothelial dysfunction generated from research groups based in Latin-American countries will be highlighted. We relate the need, as present in many other countries in the world, for increased effective regional and international collaboration to generate new data specific to our region on this topic.

Prospective study of the hemodynamic behavior of ophthalmic arteries in postpartum preeclamptic women: A doppler evaluation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic behavior of the ophthalmic artery by means of the Doppler ultrasound, in postpartum preeclamptic women. It was an observational prospective study with 44 postpartum preeclamptic women (group 1) and 49 postpartum normal women with normal blood pressure and with no previous illnesses known (group 2). All the pregnant women had a Doppler ultrasound exam of the ophthalmic artery in the immediate puerperium, that is, 10 days for the delivery (time 1). Group 1 was then followed prospectively, 26 patients of which returned to the last test in the remote puerperium in 45 days (time 2) and 29 patients returned to the last test in the remote puerperium in 90 days (time 3). All these women had preeclampsia before the delivery. The resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic flow velocity (EDV), second peak of systolic velocity (P2), and the peak ratio (PR) were calculated. The data obtained are expressed in average and standard deviation, by using the Lilliefors test for normality. The average of the Doppler indexes in groups 1 and 2 was compared by means of test t of the student. Group 1 was analyzed separately, comparing the three times, using the test of ANOVA for repetitive measures and Tukey post-hoc range test. In the "Results" section, the statically meaningful differences in RI, PI, P2, RPV, and EDV (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0009, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0028) were found in the immediate puerperium of group 1 in relation to group 2, indicating the persistence of hyperperfusion and orbital vasodilatation in the immediate postpartum period in patients who had complicated pregnancies previously due to preeclampsia. In the evolutionary analysis of group 1, comparing the Doppler indexes between the immediate and late puerperium, statistically relevant differences between the rates of RI, P2, and PR (p < 0,01) were observed, showing a raise of RI and reduction of P2 and PR, and also a tendency of normalization of these rates in the late puerperium. When the same indexes were compared (PI, P2, and PR) now in times 2 and 3, the remote, and late puerperium, respectively, there were no significant differences, indicating the stabilization of these indexes since the 45th day of the puerperium. Within 90 days, RI, PI, and PR are not stabilized yet in relation to the control, even though there is a tendency of these indexes to reach the control. In conclusion, there was persistence of signs of vasodilatation and hyperperfusion of the orbital territory, represented by Doppler of the ophthalmic artery in the immediate puerperium of preeclamptic women. A tendency of normalization of the orbital hemodynamic standard in the pregnant women from the period of the late puerperium was observed, but there was no complete normalization of the vascular pattern on the remote postpartum.

Maternal ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry in pre-eclampsia in Southwestern Nigeria

BACKGROUND

Pre-eclampsia (PE) poses a serious challenge to maternal and fetal health in Africa. It is associated with hemodynamic changes that may affect the internal carotid/ophthalmic artery circulation with consequent neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. Ophthalmic artery Doppler (OAD) ultrasound is an important tool that can be used to detect hemodynamic changes in PE and monitor its severity. In this study, we evaluated hemodynamic changes on OAD ultrasound in the ophthalmic arteries of pre-eclamptic women and compared these with values in healthy pregnant women.

METHODS

OAD parameters, such as, peak systolic velocity, peak diastolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, pulsatility index, and peak ratio, were measured on transorbital triplex ultrasound scan with a 7-10 MHz multifrequency linear transducer in 42 consenting pre-eclamptic patients and 41 pregnant controls matched for maternal age, gestational age, and parity at the Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan. Univariate, bivariate, and receiver operating characteristic curve data analyses were performed. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

RESULTS

Mean resistivity index, pulsatility index, and peak systolic velocity were significantly lower in pre-eclamptic patients than in the controls. Mean peak diastolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, and peak ratio were significantly higher in the pre-eclamptic group. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the resistivity index (sensitivity 75%, specificity 77.8%) could distinguish mild from severe PE while the peak ratio (sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 81.3%) could accurately detect PE.

CONCLUSION

OAD ultrasound can be used to monitor patients with PE for early detection of progression to severe forms before cerebral complications develop. OAD screening of patients at high risk for PE can also detect early changes of hemodynamic derangement.

First-trimester maternal ophthalmic artery Doppler analysis for prediction of pre-eclampsia

OBJECTIVE

To determine the performance of a multiparametric test comprising maternal risk factors, uterine artery Doppler and ophthalmic artery Doppler in the first trimester of pregnancy for the prediction of pre-eclampsia (PE).

METHODS

This prospective observational cohort study recruited patients in the first trimester of pregnancy. Maternal uterine artery and ophthalmic artery Doppler assessments were performed in 440 singleton pregnancies at 11-14 weeks of gestation. Additional history was obtained through participant questionnaires, and follow-up occurred to discharge postdelivery. The normotensive and pre-eclamptic groups were compared using parametric (Student's t-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney U-test) tests. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine which biophysical factors, and which of the factors among the maternal characteristics and medical and obstetric history, had a significant contribution to the prediction of PE in a multiparametric model.

RESULTS

Thirty-one (7%) patients developed PE, including nine (2%) who required delivery before 34 weeks (early PE) and 22 (5%) with late PE. There were statistically significant differences in uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI) and ophthalmic artery first diastolic peak (PD1) mean values between the PE and control groups. In a multiparametric model, both UtA-PI and PD1 achieved a 67% detection rate for early PE, although when combined, the detection rate only increased to 68%.

CONCLUSIONS

The efficiency of ophthalmic artery PD1 in the first trimester as a predictive marker for the later development of PE was approximately equal to that described for uterine artery Doppler. Although these findings do not support the replacement of uterine artery Doppler analysis in multiparametric predictive models for PE, they do provide novel insights into first-trimester maternal systemic vascular changes that precede the clinical development of this condition.

Predictive value of ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry in relation to development of pre-eclampsia

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry is predictive of the development of pre-eclampsia (PE).

METHODS

This was a prospective cohort study that included pregnant women in the second trimester who had risk factors for PE. Seven ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters, in addition to uterine artery (UtA) Doppler and clinical variables, were investigated for their prognostic value with respect to PE.

RESULTS

A total of 347 women were recruited, of whom 40 developed PE. A comparison of the mean ophthalmic artery Doppler parameter values between women with and those without PE showed statistically significant differences in several parameters: peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity, peak mesodiastolic velocity (PMDV) and peak ratio. After adjusting for confounding variables, only PMDV remained statistically significant (P < 0.001), with an area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.73. The best cut-off for predicting PE was a PMDV of > 22.11 cm/s, with sensitivity of 70%, specificity of 75%, positive likelihood ratio of 2.8, negative likelihood ratio of 0.4, positive predictive value of 28% and negative predictive value of 95%. The AUC increased from 0.72 to 0.78 when the PMDV was incorporated into a prediction model based on clinical variables, demonstrating that this marker increased the discriminatory capability of the model. The performance of ophthalmic artery Doppler was similar to that of UtA Doppler for predicting PE. Additionally, the AUC increased significantly from 0.82 to 0.88 when the PMDV was incorporated into the model containing clinical variables and UtA Doppler indices.

CONCLUSION

A high ophthalmic artery PMDV in the second trimester of pregnancy is an independent predictor of PE that increases the discriminatory ability of clinical markers, as well as of models that include clinical variables and UtA Doppler indices.