1
|
Pasquier E, Owolabi OO, Fetters T, Ngbale RN, Adame Gbanzi MC, Williams T, Chen H, Fotheringham C, Lagrou D, Schulte-Hillen C, Powell B, Baudin E, Filippi V, Benova L. High severity of abortion complications in fragile and conflict-affected settings: a cross-sectional study in two referral hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa (AMoCo study). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:143. [PMID: 36871004 PMCID: PMC9985077 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abortion-related complications are one of the five main causes of maternal mortality. However, research about abortion is very limited in fragile and conflict-affected settings. Our study aims to describe the magnitude and severity of abortion-related complications in two referral hospitals supported by Médecins Sans Frontières and located in such settings in northern Nigeria and Central African Republic (CAR). METHODS We used a methodology similar to the World Health Organization (WHO) near-miss approach adapted in the WHO multi-country study on abortion (WHO-MCS-A). We conducted a cross-sectional study in the two hospitals providing comprehensive emergency obstetric care. We used prospective medical records' reviews of women presenting with abortion-related complications between November 2019 and July 2021. We used descriptive analysis and categorized complications into four mutually exclusive categories of increasing severity. RESULTS We analyzed data from 520 and 548 women respectively in Nigerian and CAR hospitals. Abortion complications represented 4.2% (Nigerian hospital) and 19.9% (CAR hospital) of all pregnancy-related admissions. The severity of abortion complications was high: 103 (19.8%) and 34 (6.2%) women were classified as having severe maternal outcomes (near-miss cases and deaths), 245 (47.1%) and 244 (44.5%) potentially life-threatening, 39 (7.5%) and 93 (17.0%) moderate, and 133 (25.6%) and 177 (32.3%) mild complications, respectively in Nigerian and CAR hospitals. Severe bleeding/hemorrhage was the main type of complication in both settings (71.9% in the Nigerian hospital, 57.8% in the CAR hospital), followed by infection (18.7% in the Nigerian hospital, 27.0% in the CAR hospital). Among the 146 women (Nigerian hospital) and 231 women (CAR hospital) who did not report severe bleeding or hemorrhage before or during admission, anemia was more frequent in the Nigerian hospital (66.7%) compared to the CAR hospital (37.6%). CONCLUSION Our data suggests high severity of abortion-related complications in these two referral facilities of fragile and conflict-affected settings. Factors that could contribute to this high severity in these contexts include greater delays in accessing post-abortion care, decreased access to contraceptive and safe abortion care that result in increased unsafe abortions; as well as increased food insecurity leading to iron-deficiencies and chronic anaemia. The results highlight the need for better access to safe abortion care, contraception, and high quality postabortion care to prevent and manage complications of abortion in fragile and conflict-affected settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Pasquier
- Epicentre - Médecins Sans Frontières, 34, avenue Jean Jaurès, 75019, Paris, France. .,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Public Health - Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Onikepe O Owolabi
- Guttmacher Institute, New York, USA.,Vital Strategies, New York, USA
| | | | - Richard Norbert Ngbale
- Ministère de la santé et de la Population de la République Centrafricaine, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | | | - Huiwu Chen
- Epicentre - Médecins Sans Frontières, 34, avenue Jean Jaurès, 75019, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisabeth Baudin
- Epicentre - Médecins Sans Frontières, 34, avenue Jean Jaurès, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Veronique Filippi
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lenka Benova
- Department of Public Health - Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ojeleke O, Groot W, Pavlova M. Care delivery among refugees and internally displaced persons affected by complex emergencies: a systematic review of the literature. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
This study reviews the empirical evidence on care delivery in complex emergencies (CEs) to better understand ways of improving care delivery and mitigating inequity in care among refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in CEs.
Subject and methods
A systematic search was conducted in Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed and Embase. A manual search was conducted in the WHO Global Index Medicus and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed English-language publications that reported results on care delivery in CEs were included for review. There was no limitation on the year or the geographical location of the studies. The content of the publications was qualitatively analysed, and the results are thematically presented in tabular form.
Results
Thirty publications were identified. Information regarding coverage, accessibility, quality, continuity and comprehensiveness of care service delivery was extracted and synthesized. Findings showed that constant insecurity, funding, language barriers and gender differences were factors impeding access to and coverage and comprehensiveness of care delivery in CEs. The review also showed a preference for traditional treatment among some refugees and IDPs.
Conclusion
Evidence from this systematic review revealed a high level of unmet healthcare need among refugees and IDPs and the need for a paradigm shift in the approach to care delivery in CEs. We recommend further research aimed at a more critical evaluation of care delivery in CEs with a view to providing a more innovative and context-specific care service delivery in these settings.
Collapse
|
3
|
Luigi-Bravo G, Gill RK. Safe abortion within the Venezuelan complex humanitarian emergency: understanding context as key to identifying the potential for digital self-care tools in expanding access. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2022; 29:2067104. [PMID: 35593266 PMCID: PMC9132459 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2022.2067104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Génesis Luigi-Bravo
- Community Engagement Lead, Vitala Global Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Graduate Institue of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roopan Kaur Gill
- Executive Director, Vitala Global Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada; Clinican Investigator, Assistant Professor, University of Toronto, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Toronto, Canada. Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wolomby-Molondo JJ, Calvert C, Seguin R, Qureshi Z, Tunçalp Ö, Filippi V. The relationship between insecurity and the quality of hospital care provided to women with abortion-related complications in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A cross-sectional analysis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021; 156 Suppl 1:20-26. [PMID: 34888865 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between insecurity and quality of care provided for abortion complications in high-volume hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). METHODS Using the WHO Multi-Country Survey on Abortion complications, we analyzed data for 1007 women who received care in 24 facilities in DRC. For inputs of care, we calculated the percentage of facilities in secure and insecure areas meeting 12 readiness criteria for infrastructure and capability. For process and outcomes of care, we estimated the association between security and eight indicators using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS Facilities in secure areas were more likely to report functioning electricity (93.3% vs 66.7%), availability of an obstetrician 24/7 (42.9% vs 28.6%), and the ability to offer several short-acting contraceptives (83.3% vs 57.1%). However, a higher percentage of facilities in insecure areas reported the availability of a telephone or radio (100% vs 80.0%). Women in insecure areas appeared more likely to experience poor quality clinical care overall than women in secure areas (aOR 2.56; 95% CI, 1.13-5.82, P = 0.03). However, there was no association between security and incomplete medical records (P = 0.20), use of dilatation and curettage (D&C) (P = 0.84), women reporting poor experience of care (P = 0.22), satisfaction with care (P = 0.25), and severe maternal outcomes (P = 0.56). There was weak evidence of an association between security and nonreceipt of contraceptives (P = 0.07), with women in insecure areas 70% less likely to report no contraception (aOR 0.31, 95% CI, 0.09-1.09). Use of D&C was high in secure (43.7%) and insecure (60.4%) areas. CONCLUSION Quality of care did not seem to be very different in secure and insecure areas in DRC, except for some key infrastructure, supply, and human resources elements. The frequent use of D&C for uterine evacuation, the lack of good record keeping, and the lack of contraceptives should be urgently addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-José Wolomby-Molondo
- Département de Gynécologie et Obstétrique, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Clara Calvert
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Zahida Qureshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Özge Tunçalp
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Filippi
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tran NT, Meyers J, Malilo B, Chabo J, Muselemu JB, Riziki B, Libonga P, Shire A, Had H, Ali M, Arab MA, Da'ar JM, Kahow MH, Adive JE, Gebru B, Monaghan E, Morris CN, Gallagher M, Jouanicot V, Pougnier N, Amsalu R. Strengthening Health Systems in Humanitarian Settings: Multi-Stakeholder Insights on Contraception and Postabortion Care Programs in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Somalia. Front Glob Womens Health 2021; 2:671058. [PMID: 34816224 PMCID: PMC8593961 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.671058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In humanitarian settings, strengthening health systems while responding to the health needs of crisis-affected populations is challenging and marked with evidence gaps. Drawing from a decade of family planning and postabortion care programming in humanitarian settings, this paper aims to identify strategic components that contribute to health system strengthening in such contexts. Materials and Methods: A diverse range of key informants from North Kivu (Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC) and Puntland (Somalia), including female and male community members, adolescents and adults, healthcare providers, government and community leaders, participated in qualitative interviews, which applied the World Health Organization health system building blocks framework. Data were thematically analyzed according to this framework. Results: Findings from the focus group discussions (11 in DRC, 7 in Somalia) and key informant interviews (seven in DRC, four in Somalia) involving in total 54 female and 72 male participants across both countries indicate that health programs in humanitarian settings, such as Save the Children's initiative on family planning and postabortion care, could contribute to strengthening health systems by positively influencing national policies and guidance, strengthening local coordination mechanisms, capacitating the healthcare workforce with competency-based training and supportive supervision (benefiting facilities supported by the project and beyond), developing the capacity of Ministry of Health staff in the effective management of the supply chain, actively and creatively mobilizing the community to raise awareness and create demand, and providing quality and affordable services. Financial sustainability is challenged by the chronically limited healthcare expenditure experienced in both humanitarian contexts. Conclusions: In humanitarian settings, carefully designed healthcare interventions, such as those that address the family planning and postabortion care needs of crisis-affected populations, have the potential not only to increase access to essential services but also contribute to strengthening several components of the health system while increasing the government capacity, ownership, and accountability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Toan Tran
- Faculty of Health, Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Janet Meyers
- Save the Children, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bibiche Malilo
- Save the Children International Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Julien Chabo
- Save the Children International Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean-Baptiste Muselemu
- Save the Children International Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Bienvenu Riziki
- Save the Children International Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Patrick Libonga
- Save the Children International Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Hussein Had
- Save the Children International Somalia, Gardo, Somalia
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Save the Children International Somalia, Gardo, Somalia
| | | | | | | | | | - Binyam Gebru
- Save the Children International Somalia, Gardo, Somalia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ribka Amsalu
- Save the Children, Washington, DC, United States.,Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jayaweera R, Powell B, Gerdts C, Kakesa J, Ouedraogo R, Ramazani U, Wado YD, Wheeler E, Fetters T. The Potential of Self-Managed Abortion to Expand Abortion Access in Humanitarian Contexts. Front Glob Womens Health 2021; 2:681039. [PMID: 34816230 PMCID: PMC8593970 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.681039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Refugees and displaced people face uniquely challenging barriers to abortion access, including the collapse of health systems, statelessness, and a lack of prioritization of sexual and reproductive health services by humanitarian agencies. This article summarizes the evidence around abortion access in humanitarian contexts, and highlights the opportunities for interventions that could increase knowledge and support around self-managed abortion. We explore how lessons learned from other contexts can be applied to the development of effective interventions to reduce abortion-related morbidity and mortality, and may improve access to information about safe methods of abortion, including self-management, in humanitarian settings. We conclude by laying out a forward-thinking research agenda that addresses gaps in our knowledge around abortion access and experiences in humanitarian contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Kakesa
- International Rescue Committee, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | - Erin Wheeler
- International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tappis H, Elaraby S, Elnakib S, AlShawafi NAA, BaSaleem H, Al-Gawfi IAS, Othman F, Shafique F, Al-Kubati E, Rafique N, Spiegel P. Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health service delivery during conflict in Yemen: a case study. Confl Health 2020; 14:30. [PMID: 32514295 PMCID: PMC7254736 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-020-00269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Armed conflict, food insecurity, epidemic cholera, economic decline and deterioration of essential public services present overwhelming challenges to population health and well-being in Yemen. Although the majority of the population is in need of humanitarian assistance and civil servants in many areas have not received salaries since 2016, many healthcare providers continue to work, and families continue to need and seek care. METHODS This case study examines how reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health and nutrition (RMNCAH+N) services have been delivered since 2015, and identifies factors influencing implementation of these services in three governorates of Yemen. Content analysis methods were used to analyze publicly available documents and datasets published since 2000 as well as 94 semi-structured individual and group interviews conducted with government officials, humanitarian agency staff and facility-based healthcare providers and six focus group discussions conducted with community health midwives and volunteers in September-October 2018. RESULTS Humanitarian response efforts focus on maintaining basic services at functioning facilities, and deploying mobile clinics, outreach teams and community health volunteer networks to address urgent needs where access is possible. Attention to specific aspects of RMNCAH+N varies slightly by location, with differences driven by priorities of government authorities, levels of violence, humanitarian access and availability of qualified human resources. Health services for women and children are generally considered to be a priority; however, cholera control and treatment of acute malnutrition are given precedence over other services along the continuum of care. Although health workers display notable resilience working in difficult conditions, challenges resulting from insecurity, limited functionality of health facilities, and challenges in importation and distribution of supplies limit the availability and quality of services. CONCLUSIONS Challenges to providing quality RMNCAH+N services in Yemen are formidable, given the nature and scale of humanitarian needs, lack of access due to insecurity, politicization of aid, weak health system capacity, costs of care seeking, and an ongoing cholera epidemic. Greater attention to availability, quality and coordination of RMNCAH services, coupled with investments in health workforce development and supply management are needed to maintain access to life-saving services and mitigate longer term impacts on maternal and child health and development. Lessons learned from Yemen on how to address ongoing primary health care needs during massive epidemics in conflict settings, particularly for women and children, will be important to support other countries faced with similar crises in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Tappis
- Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sarah Elaraby
- Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Shatha Elnakib
- Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Spiegel
- Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huber D. Postabortion Care and the Voluntary Family Planning Component: Expanding Contraceptive Choices and Service Options. GLOBAL HEALTH, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019; 7:S207-S210. [PMID: 31455617 PMCID: PMC6711627 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Universal access to voluntary postabortion family planning is a critical and compelling component of postabortion care. Such access should be joined with postpartum family planning services in national programs, health information systems, and training programs. The same providers and facilities deliver both services, and integration could yield cost efficiencies and increased coverage for women receiving postabortion care.
Collapse
|