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He F, Hu Y, Zhong H, Wang Z, Peng S, Li Y. Effect of molten-salt modulation on the composition and structure of g-C 3N 4-based photocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10476-10487. [PMID: 37577935 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as an attractive metal-free polymer photocatalyst, has attracted extensive attention in energy and environmental fields in recent years. The photoactivity of bulk g-C3N4 is moderate on account of solid-phase thermal-condensation synthesis. This leads to inadequate light absorption, limited surface area, and easy recombination of charge carriers. The composition and nanostructure of g-C3N4 have been studied extensively. Molten-salt modulation is fascinating because of its "green" credentials and the properties of liquid-phase reaction systems. The review focuses mainly on molten-salt modulation of the composition and structure of g-C3N4 based-photocatalysts. We focus on elemental doping, molecular doping, and defect engineering, as well as control of the crystal structure, multi-dimensional structure, hom/heterostructures for photocatalytic applications. This review provides new insights to develop g-C3N4-based photocatalysts with control of composition and structure by facile molten-salt modulation in energy-conversion and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoqin Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yuexiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
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Lu Q, Abdelgawad A, Li J, Eid K. Non-Metal-Doped Porous Carbon Nitride Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Green Hydrogen Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315129. [PMID: 36499453 PMCID: PMC9735614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic green hydrogen (H2) production through water electrolysis is deemed as green, efficient, and renewable fuel or energy carrier due to its great energy density and zero greenhouse emissions. However, developing efficient and low-cost noble-metal-free photocatalysts remains one of the daunting challenges in low-cost H2 production. Porous graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) nanostructures have drawn broad multidisciplinary attention as metal-free photocatalysts in the arena of H2 production and other environmental remediation. This is due to their impressive catalytic/photocatalytic properties (i.e., high surface area, narrow bandgap, and visible light absorption), unique physicochemical durability, tunable electronic properties, and feasibility to synthesize in high yield from inexpensive and earth-abundant resources. The physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of porous gCNs can be easily optimized via the integration of earth-abundant heteroatoms. Although there are various reviews on porous gCN-based photocatalysts for various applications, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reviews on heteroatom-doped porous gCN nanostructures for the photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER). It is essential to provide timely updates in this research area to highlight the research related to fabrication of novel gCNs for large-scale applications and address the current barriers in this field. This review emphasizes a panorama of recent advances in the rational design of heteroatom (i.e., P, O, S, N, and B)-doped porous gCN nanostructures including mono, binary, and ternary dopants for photocatalytic HERs and their optimized parameters. This is in addition to H2 energy storage, non-metal configuration, HER fundamental, mechanism, and calculations. This review is expected to inspire a new research entryway to the fabrication of porous gCN-based photocatalysts with ameliorated activity and durability for practical H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Lu
- Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Ahmed Abdelgawad
- Gas Processing Center (GPC), College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Kamel Eid
- Gas Processing Center (GPC), College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence:
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Song Q, Heng S, Wang W, Guo H, Li H, Dang D. Binary Type-II Heterojunction K7HNb6O19/g-C3N4: An Effective Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution without a Co-Catalyst. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050849. [PMID: 35269338 PMCID: PMC8912307 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The binary type-II heterojunction photocatalyst containing g-C3N4 and polyoxoniobate (PONb, K7HNb6O19) with excellent H2 production activity was synthesized by decorating via a facile hydrothermal method for the first time. The as-fabricated Nb–CN-0.4 composite displayed a maximum hydrogen evolution rate of 359.89 µmol g−1 h−1 without a co-catalyst under the irradiation of a 300 W Xenon Lamp, which is the highest among those of the binary PONb-based photocatalytic materials reported. The photophysical and photochemistry analyses indicated that the hydrogen evolution performance could be attributed to the formation of a type-II heterojunction, which could not only accelerate the transfer of photoinduced interfacial charges, but also effectively inhibit the recombination of electrons and holes. This work could provide a useful reference to develop an inexpensive and efficient photocatalytic system based on PONb towards H2 production.
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Wu T, He Q, Liu Z, Shao B, Liang Q, Pan Y, Huang J, Peng Z, Liu Y, Zhao C, Yuan X, Tang L, Gong S. Tube wall delamination engineering induces photogenerated carrier separation to achieve photocatalytic performance improvement of tubular g-C 3N 4. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127177. [PMID: 34583163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Morphology adjustment is a feasible method to change the physicochemical properties of photocatalysts. The issue that excessively thick tube wall of tubular g-C3N4 is not conducive to the electron migration from inside to the surface thus inhibiting the separation of photogenerated carriers has always been ignored. Potassium ions were used to regulate the structure of the tubular supramolecular precursor by breaking hydrogen bonds, thereby promoting the synthesis of delaminated laminar tubular g-C3N4 (K-CN), which not only shortened the transfer distance of photogenerated electrons but also provided abundant reaction active sites. Experiments and DFT calculations were combined to reveal the details of the physicochemical properties of K-CN. The photocatalytic capacity of K-CN for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation and H2O2 generation were 83% and 133 μM, respectively. This work not only synthesized a novel delaminated tubular g-C3N4 but also provided a strategy and inspiration for structure and performance optimization for tubular g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qingyun He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Binbin Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yuan Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zan Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chenhui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shanxi Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
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