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van der Velde OA, Navarro-González J, Fabró F, Reglero V, Connell P, Chanrion O, López JA, Montanyà J, Neubert T, Østgaard N. Imaging of 3 bright terrestrial gamma-ray flashes by the atmosphere-space interactions monitor and their parent thunderstorms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6946. [PMID: 38521847 PMCID: PMC10960811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) on the International Space Station (ISS) includes an instrument designed to geolocate Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGF) produced by thunderstorms. It does so with a coded aperture system shadowing the pixelated Low Energy Detector of the Modular X- and Gamma-ray Sensor (MXGS). Additionally, it locates associated lightning flashes with the Modular Multispectral Imaging Array (MMIA). Here we present 3 bright TGFs with very similar duration, fluency and observation distance. The innovative imaging capabilities allow us to determine the TGF position and correlate the TGF-lightning parent event in time and position simultaneously. The accurate position determination and distance to the observer allow us to perform a comparative study of TGF characteristics. These TGFs were produced in association with lightning flashes below the highest cloud tops of developing to mature convective cells. In one event, GLM (Geostationary Lightning Mapper) cloud flash rates were slowing down after the TGF while negative cloud-to-ground flashes suddenly ceased from 10 to 5 min before the TGF. An 8-stroke (strongest: -93 kA) cloud-to-ground flash occurred 31 s before the TGF. Vertical profiles from the ERA5 reanalysis data suggest TGFs may be produced in variety of tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A van der Velde
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Terrassa, Spain.
| | | | - Ferran Fabró
- Meteorological Service of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Reglero
- Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul Connell
- Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olivier Chanrion
- Space and Earth Science and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesús A López
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Joan Montanyà
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Torsten Neubert
- Space and Earth Science and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Østgaard
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Skeie CA, Østgaard N, Mezentsev A, Bjørge‐Engeland I, Marisaldi M, Lehtinen N, Reglero V, Neubert T. The Temporal Relationship Between Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes and Associated Optical Pulses From Lightning. J Geophys Res Atmos 2022; 127:e2022JD037128. [PMID: 36246842 PMCID: PMC9541784 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd037128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present 221 Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and associated optical pulses observed by the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) on board the International Space Station. The events were detected between the end of March 2019 and November 2020 and consist of X- and gamma-ray energy detections, as well as photometer data (180-230, 337, and 777 nm) and optical camera data (337 and 777 nm). Using the available ASIM data and applying a consistency check based on TGF characteristics and lightning detections from lightning radio atmospherics close in time, we determine the most likely position of the TGFs in relation to the photometer field of view (FoV), and the association to the observed optical pulses. Out of the 221 events we find 72 events where the TGF and optical data are determined to be associated and inside the photometer FoV. Using the measured TGF durations and the time between the onsets of the TGFs and optical pulses we find: (a) That the TGF onsets are always before or at the same time as the optical pulse onsets (taking into account cloud scattering). (b) A tendency for longer duration TGFs to have longer delays between onsets. (c) Two groups of events: (a) where there is a possible overlap between the TGFs and the optical emissions, as the TGFs last longer than the delay between onsets and (b) where the TGFs and optical emissions do not overlap, as there are long delays between the onsets, which cannot be explained by cloud scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Skeie
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceInstitute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - N. Østgaard
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceInstitute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - A. Mezentsev
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceInstitute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - I. Bjørge‐Engeland
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceInstitute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - M. Marisaldi
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceInstitute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- INAF‐OAS BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - N. Lehtinen
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceInstitute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - V. Reglero
- Imaging Processing LaboratoryUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - T. Neubert
- National Space InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
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3
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Heumesser M, Chanrion O, Neubert T, Christian HJ, Dimitriadou K, Gordillo‐Vazquez FJ, Luque A, Pérez‐Invernón FJ, Blakeslee RJ, Østgaard N, Reglero V, Köhn C. Spectral Observations of Optical Emissions Associated With Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes. Geophys Res Lett 2021; 48:2020GL090700. [PMID: 34511659 PMCID: PMC8409596 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl090700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor measures Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes (TGFs) simultaneously with optical emissions from associated lightning activity. We analyzed optical measurements at 180-230, 337, and 777.4 nm related to 69 TGFs observed between June 2018 and October 2019. All TGFs are associated with optical emissions and 90% of them are at the onset of a large optical pulse, suggesting that they are connected with the initiation of current surges. A model of photon delay induced by cloud scattering suggests that the sources of the optical pulses are from 0.7 ms before to 4.4 ms after the TGFs, with a median of -10 ± 80 µs, and 1-5 km below the cloud top. The pulses have rise times comparable to lightning but longer durations. Pulse amplitudes at 337 nm are ∼3 times larger than at 777.4 nm. The results support the leader-streamer mechanism for TGF generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Heumesser
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Olivier Chanrion
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Torsten Neubert
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Hugh J. Christian
- Department of Atmospheric
ScienceEarth System Science
CenterUniversity of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
| | - Krystallia Dimitriadou
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Alejandro Luque
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA, CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez‐Invernón
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA, CSIC)GranadaSpain
- Institut für Physik der
AtmosphäreDeutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR)OberpfaffenhofenGermany
| | | | - Nikolai Østgaard
- Birkeland Centre for Space
ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Victor Reglero
- Image Processing
LaboratoryUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Christoph Köhn
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
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4
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Kelley NA, Smith DM, Dwyer JR, Splitt M, Lazarus S, Martinez-mckinney F, Hazelton B, Grefenstette B, Lowell A, Rassoul HK. Relativistic electron avalanches as a thunderstorm discharge competing with lightning. Nat Commun 2015; 6. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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5
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Skeltved AB, Østgaard N, Carlson B, Gjesteland T, Celestin S. Modeling the relativistic runaway electron avalanche and the feedback mechanism with GEANT4. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2014; 119:9174-9191. [PMID: 26167437 PMCID: PMC4497459 DOI: 10.1002/2014ja020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper presents the first study that uses the GEometry ANd Tracking 4 (GEANT4) toolkit to do quantitative comparisons with other modeling results related to the production of terrestrial gamma ray flashes and high-energy particle emission from thunderstorms. We will study the relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA) and the relativistic feedback process, as well as the production of bremsstrahlung photons from runaway electrons. The Monte Carlo simulations take into account the effects of electron ionization, electron by electron (Møller), and electron by positron (Bhabha) scattering as well as the bremsstrahlung process and pair production, in the 250 eV to 100 GeV energy range. Our results indicate that the multiplication of electrons during the development of RREAs and under the influence of feedback are consistent with previous estimates. This is important to validate GEANT4 as a tool to model RREAs and feedback in homogeneous electric fields. We also determine the ratio of bremsstrahlung photons to energetic electrons Nγ /Ne . We then show that the ratio has a dependence on the electric field, which can be expressed by the avalanche time τ(E) and the bremsstrahlung coefficient α(ε). In addition, we present comparisons of GEANT4 simulations performed with a "standard" and a "low-energy" physics list both validated in the 1 keV to 100 GeV energy range. This comparison shows that the choice of physics list used in GEANT4 simulations has a significant effect on the results. KEY POINTS Testing the feedback mechanism with GEANT4Validating the GEANT4 programming toolkitStudy the ratio of bremsstrahlung photons to electrons at TGF source altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Broberg Skeltved
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Nikolai Østgaard
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Brant Carlson
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Physics and Astronomy, Carthage College Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas Gjesteland
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Sebastien Celestin
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of the Environment and Space, University of Orleans, CNRS Orleans, France
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6
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Luque A. Relativistic runaway ionization fronts. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:045003. [PMID: 24580462 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the first example of self-consistent impact ionization fronts propagating at relativistic speeds and involving interacting, high-energy electrons. These fronts, which we name relativistic runaway ionization fronts, show remarkable features such as a bulk speed within less than one percent of the speed of light and the stochastic selection of high-energy electrons for further acceleration, which leads to a power-law distribution of particle energies. A simplified model explains this selection in terms of the overrun of Coulomb-scattered electrons. Appearing as the electromagnetic interaction between electrons saturates the exponential growth of a relativistic runaway electron avalanche, relativistic runaway ionization fronts may occur in conjunction with terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and thus explain recent observations of long, power-law tails in the terrestrial gamma-ray flash energy spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luque
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, P.O. Box 3004, 18080 Granada, Spain
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7
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Ringuette R, Case GL, Cherry ML, Granger D, Guzik TG, Stewart M, Wefel JP. TETRA observation of gamma-rays at ground level associated with nearby thunderstorms. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2013; 118:7841-7849. [PMID: 26167428 PMCID: PMC4497473 DOI: 10.1002/jgra.50712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
[1] Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs)-very short, intense bursts of electrons, positrons, and energetic photons originating from terrestrial thunderstorms-have been detected with satellite instruments. TGF and Energetic Thunderstorm Rooftop Array (TETRA), an array of NaI(Tl) scintillators at Louisiana State University, has now been used to detect similar bursts of 50 keV to over 2 MeV gamma-rays at ground level. After 2.6 years of observation, 24 events with durations 0.02-4.2 ms have been detected associated with nearby lightning, three of them coincident events observed by detectors separated by ∼1000 m. Nine of the events occurred within 6 ms and 5 km of negative polarity cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with measured currents in excess of 20 kA. The events reported here constitute the first catalog of TGFs observed at ground level in close proximity to the acceleration site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ringuette
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gary L Case
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA ; Now at Department of Physics, La Sierra University Riverside, California, USA
| | - Michael L Cherry
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Douglas Granger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - T Gregory Guzik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael Stewart
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - John P Wefel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Dwyer
- Department of Physics and Space Sciences; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne Florida USA
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9
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Lu G, Cummer SA, Li J, Han F, Smith DM, Grefenstette BW. Characteristics of broadband lightning emissions associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Lu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Steven A. Cummer
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Jingbo Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Feng Han
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - David M. Smith
- Department of Physics, Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Brian W. Grefenstette
- Space Radiation Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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10
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Celestin S, Pasko VP. Energy and fluxes of thermal runaway electrons produced by exponential growth of streamers during the stepping of lightning leaders and in transient luminous events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Celestin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Communications and Space Sciences Laboratory; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Victor P. Pasko
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Communications and Space Sciences Laboratory; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
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11
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Tavani M, Marisaldi M, Labanti C, Fuschino F, Argan A, Trois A, Giommi P, Colafrancesco S, Pittori C, Palma F, Trifoglio M, Gianotti F, Bulgarelli A, Vittorini V, Verrecchia F, Salotti L, Barbiellini G, Caraveo P, Cattaneo PW, Chen A, Contessi T, Costa E, D'Ammando F, Del Monte E, De Paris G, Di Cocco G, Di Persio G, Donnarumma I, Evangelista Y, Feroci M, Ferrari A, Galli M, Giuliani A, Giusti M, Lapshov I, Lazzarotto F, Lipari P, Longo F, Mereghetti S, Morelli E, Moretti E, Morselli A, Pacciani L, Pellizzoni A, Perotti F, Piano G, Picozza P, Pilia M, Pucella G, Prest M, Rapisarda M, Rappoldi A, Rossi E, Rubini A, Sabatini S, Scalise E, Soffitta P, Striani E, Vallazza E, Vercellone S, Zambra A, Zanello D. Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes as powerful particle accelerators. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:018501. [PMID: 21231775 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.018501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Strong electric discharges associated with thunderstorms can produce terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs), i.e., intense bursts of x rays and γ rays lasting a few milliseconds or less. We present in this Letter new TGF timing and spectral data based on the observations of the Italian Space Agency AGILE satellite. We determine that the TGF emission above 10 MeV has a significant power-law spectral component reaching energies up to 100 MeV. These results challenge TGF theoretical models based on runaway electron acceleration. The TGF discharge electric field accelerates particles over the large distances for which maximal voltages of hundreds of megavolts can be established. The combination of huge potentials and large electric fields in TGFs can efficiently accelerate particles in large numbers, and we reconsider here the photon spectrum and the neutron production by photonuclear reactions in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tavani
- INAF-IASF Roma, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- B. E. Carlson
- Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - N. G. Lehtinen
- Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - U. S. Inan
- Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Koç University; Istanbul Turkey
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13
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Marisaldi M, Argan A, Trois A, Giuliani A, Tavani M, Labanti C, Fuschino F, Bulgarelli A, Longo F, Barbiellini G, Del Monte E, Moretti E, Trifoglio M, Costa E, Caraveo P, Cattaneo PW, Chen A, D'Ammando F, De Paris G, Di Cocco G, Di Persio G, Donnarumma I, Evangelista Y, Feroci M, Ferrari A, Fiorini M, Froysland T, Galli M, Gianotti F, Lapshov I, Lazzarotto F, Lipari P, Mereghetti S, Morselli A, Pacciani L, Pellizzoni A, Perotti F, Picozza P, Piano G, Pilia M, Prest M, Pucella G, Rapisarda M, Rappoldi A, Rubini A, Sabatini S, Soffitta P, Striani E, Vallazza E, Vercellone S, Vittorini V, Zambra A, Zanello D, Antonelli LA, Colafrancesco S, Cutini S, Giommi P, Lucarelli F, Pittori C, Santolamazza P, Verrecchia F, Salotti L. Gamma-ray localization of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:128501. [PMID: 20867680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.128501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) are very short bursts of high-energy photons and electrons originating in Earth's atmosphere. We present here a localization study of TGFs carried out at gamma-ray energies above 20 MeV based on an innovative event selection method. We use the AGILE satellite Silicon Tracker data that for the first time have been correlated with TGFs detected by the AGILE Mini-Calorimeter. We detect 8 TGFs with gamma-ray photons of energies above 20 MeV localized by the AGILE gamma-ray imager with an accuracy of ∼5-10° at 50 MeV. Remarkably, all TGF-associated gamma rays are compatible with a terrestrial production site closer to the subsatellite point than 400 km. Considering that our gamma rays reach the AGILE satellite at 540 km altitude with limited scattering or attenuation, our measurements provide the first precise direct localization of TGFs from space.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marisaldi
- INAF-IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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14
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Smith DM, Hazelton BJ, Grefenstette BW, Dwyer JR, Holzworth RH, Lay EH. Terrestrial gamma ray flashes correlated to storm phase and tropopause height. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Smith
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Physics Department; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - B. J. Hazelton
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Physics Department; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - B. W. Grefenstette
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Physics Department; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - J. R. Dwyer
- Department of Physics and Space Science; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne Florida USA
| | - R. H. Holzworth
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - E. H. Lay
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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15
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Briggs MS, Fishman GJ, Connaughton V, Bhat PN, Paciesas WS, Preece RD, Wilson-Hodge C, Chaplin VL, Kippen RM, von Kienlin A, Meegan CA, Bissaldi E, Dwyer JR, Smith DM, Holzworth RH, Grove JE, Chekhtman A. First results on terrestrial gamma ray flashes from the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Briggs
- CSPAR; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - G. J. Fishman
- Space Science Office; NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - V. Connaughton
- CSPAR; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - P. N. Bhat
- CSPAR; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - W. S. Paciesas
- CSPAR; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - R. D. Preece
- CSPAR; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - C. Wilson-Hodge
- Space Science Office; NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - V. L. Chaplin
- CSPAR; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - R. M. Kippen
- ISR-1; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - A. von Kienlin
- Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik; Garching Germany
| | - C. A. Meegan
- Universities Space Research Association; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - E. Bissaldi
- Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik; Garching Germany
| | - J. R. Dwyer
- Physics and Space Sciences; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne Florida USA
| | - D. M. Smith
- Department of Physics; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - R. H. Holzworth
- Earth and Space Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington D.C. USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Space Science Division; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington D.C. USA
- George Mason University; Fairfax Virginia USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Chanrion
- National Space Institute; Danish Technical University; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Neubert
- National Space Institute; Danish Technical University; Copenhagen Denmark
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Marisaldi M, Fuschino F, Labanti C, Galli M, Longo F, Del Monte E, Barbiellini G, Tavani M, Giuliani A, Moretti E, Vercellone S, Costa E, Cutini S, Donnarumma I, Evangelista Y, Feroci M, Lapshov I, Lazzarotto F, Lipari P, Mereghetti S, Pacciani L, Rapisarda M, Soffitta P, Trifoglio M, Argan A, Boffelli F, Bulgarelli A, Caraveo P, Cattaneo PW, Chen A, Cocco V, D'Ammando F, De Paris G, Di Cocco G, Di Persio G, Ferrari A, Fiorini M, Froysland T, Gianotti F, Morselli A, Pellizzoni A, Perotti F, Picozza P, Piano G, Pilia M, Prest M, Pucella G, Rappoldi A, Rubini A, Sabatini S, Striani E, Trois A, Vallazza E, Vittorini V, Zambra A, Zanello D, Antonelli LA, Colafrancesco S, Gasparrini D, Giommi P, Pittori C, Preger B, Santolamazza P, Verrecchia F, Salotti L. Detection of terrestrial gamma ray flashes up to 40 MeV by the AGILE satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F. Longo
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università di Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | | | - G. Barbiellini
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università di Trieste; Trieste Italy
- INFN; Trieste Italy
| | - M. Tavani
- IASF, INAF; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,”; Rome Italy
| | | | - E. Moretti
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università di Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | | | | | - S. Cutini
- ASI Science Data Center; Frascati Italy
| | | | | | | | - I. Lapshov
- IASF, INAF; Rome Italy
- IKI; Moscow Russia
| | | | - P. Lipari
- INFN; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza,”; Rome Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - F. D'Ammando
- IASF, INAF; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,”; Rome Italy
| | | | | | | | - A. Ferrari
- CIFS; Turin Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università Torino; Turin Italy
| | | | - T. Froysland
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,”; Rome Italy
- CIFS; Turin Italy
| | | | | | - A. Pellizzoni
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari; INAF; Capoterra Italy
| | | | | | - G. Piano
- IASF, INAF; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,”; Rome Italy
- INFN; Rome Italy
| | - M. Pilia
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università dell'Insubria; Como Italy
| | - M. Prest
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università dell'Insubria; Como Italy
- INFN; Milan Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - E. Striani
- IASF, INAF; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,”; Rome Italy
- INFN; Rome Italy
| | | | | | | | - A. Zambra
- IASF, INAF; Milan Italy
- CIFS; Turin Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - P. Giommi
- ASI Science Data Center; Frascati Italy
| | | | - B. Preger
- ASI Science Data Center; Frascati Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- B. E. Carlson
- Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - N. G. Lehtinen
- Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - U. S. Inan
- Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Koç University; Istanbul Turkey
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Saleh Z, Dwyer J, Howard J, Uman M, Bakhtiari M, Concha D, Stapleton M, Hill D, Biagi C, Rassoul H. Properties of the X-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning as measured by the Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array (TERA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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