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Neupane B, Dhami B, Bista S, Sadadev BM, Regmi S, Shrestha S, Shrestha B, Traxmandlová I, Varachova S, Kindlmann P. Ecological Factors Determining Barking Deer Distribution and Habitat Use in the Mid-Hills of Nepal. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.894369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Barking deer is found in dense tropical and subtropical forests of Asia. It is listed as “least concerned” by the International Union of Conservation of Nature and as “vulnerable” in Nepal, where it is also protected. Due to the habitat loss and fragmentation by human activities, barking deer abundance is decreasing, which may even ultimately lead to its extinction. This in turn might negatively affect local ecosystem such as the abundance of the endangered common leopard, for which barking deer is the main prey species in the mid-hills of Nepal. We therefore need to know factors affecting barking deer abundance and its habitat preferences. To determine these factors, we recorded barking deer either by direct sighting or by any evidence of its indirect presence observed through transect surveys in January and February, 2019. To analyze habitat preference, the presence of barking deer was set to 1 if the barking deer or any sign of its presence were observed “used plots,” or to 0 if the barking deer or any sign of its presence were not observed (“habitat availability plot”). We measured main four ecological drivers such as forest management regime, microclimate, disturbance and food resources, which include 11 habitat characteristics in spots where barking deer was present, and in randomly selected spots. We found that elevation, slope, distance from settlement, presence of tree species, depth of leaf litter and percentage cover of leaf litter were most significantly affecting its presence. These results can serve as guidelines for local authorities to prevent decline in abundance of barking deer.
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Wohlfahrt G, Hammerle A, Niedrist G, Scholz K, Tomelleri E, Zhao P. On the energy balance closure and net radiation in complex terrain. AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2016; 226-227:37-49. [PMID: 28066093 PMCID: PMC5218570 DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In complex, sloping terrain, horizontal measurements of net radiation are not reflective of the radiative energy available for the conductive and convective heat exchange of the underlying surface. Using data from a grassland site on a mountain slope characterised by spatial heterogeneity in inclination and aspect, we tested the hypothesis that a correction of the horizontal net radiation measurements which accounts for the individual footprint contributions of the various surfaces to the measured sensible and latent heat eddy covariance fluxes will yield more realistic slope-parallel net radiation estimates compared to a correction based on the average inclination and aspect of the footprint. Our main result is that both approaches led to clear, but very similar improvements in the phase between available energy and the sum of the latent and sensible heat fluxes. As a consequence the variance in the sum of latent and sensible heat flux explained by available radiation improved by >10 %, while energy balance closure improved only slightly. This is shown to be mainly due to the average inclination and aspect corresponding largely with the inclination and aspect of the main flux source area in combination with a limited sensitivity of the slope correction to small angular differences in, particularly, inclination and aspect. We conclude with a discussion of limitations of the present approach and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, AUSTRIA
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy of Bolzano, Drususalle 1, 39100 Bolzano, ITALY
- Institute for Applied Remote Sensing, European Academy of Bolzano, Drususalle 1, 39100 Bolzano, ITALY
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, AUSTRIA
| | - Georg Niedrist
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy of Bolzano, Drususalle 1, 39100 Bolzano, ITALY
| | - Katharina Scholz
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, AUSTRIA
| | - Enrico Tomelleri
- Institute for Applied Remote Sensing, European Academy of Bolzano, Drususalle 1, 39100 Bolzano, ITALY
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, AUSTRIA
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Hammerle A, Haslwanter A, Schmitt M, Bahn M, Tappeiner U, Cernusca A, Wohlfahrt G. Eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide, latent and sensible energy fluxes above a meadow on a mountain slope. BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY 2007; 122:397-416. [PMID: 24465032 PMCID: PMC3898019 DOI: 10.1007/s10546-006-9109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide, latent and sensible energy fluxes were measured by means of the eddy covariance method above a mountain meadow situated on a steep slope in the Stubai Valley/Austria, based on the hypothesis that, due to the low canopy height, measurements can be made in the shallow equilibrium layer where the wind field exhibits characteristics akin to level terrain. In order to test the validity of this hypothesis and to identify effects of complex terrain in the turbulence measurements, data were subjected to a rigorous testing procedure using a series of quality control measures established for surface layer flows. The resulting high-quality data set comprised 36 % of the original observations, the substantial reduction being mainly due to a change in surface roughness and associated fetch limitations in the wind sector dominating during nighttime and transition periods. The validity of the high-quality data set was further assessed by two independent tests: i) a comparison with the net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange measured by means of ecosystem chambers and ii) the ability of the eddy covariance measurements to close the energy balance. The net ecosystem CO2 exchange measured by the eddy covariance method agreed reasonably with ecosystem chamber measurements. The assessment of the energy balance closure showed that there was no significant difference in the correspondence between the meadow on the slope and another one situated on flat ground at the bottom of the Stubai Valley, available energy being underestimated by 28 and 29 %, respectively. We thus conclude that, appropriate quality control provided, the eddy covariance measurements made above a mountain meadow on a steep slope are of similar quality as compared to flat terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Hammerle
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alois Haslwanter
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Cernusca
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Gutowski WJ. A Coupled Land-Atmosphere Simulation Program (CLASP): Calibration and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Takle ES, Gutowski WJ, Arritt RW, Pan Z, Anderson CJ, da Silva RR, Caya D, Chen SC, Giorgi F, Christensen JH, Hong SY, Juang HMH, Katzfey J, Lapenta WM, Laprise R, Liston GE, Lopez P, McGregor J, Pielke RA, Roads JO. Project to Intercompare Regional Climate Simulations (PIRCS): Description and initial results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nie D, Kleindienst TE, Arnts RR, Sickles JE. The design and testing of a relaxed eddy accumulation system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sellers PJ, Hall FG. FIFE in 1992: Results, scientific gains, and future research directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kanemasu ET, Verma SB, Smith EA, Fritschen LJ, Wesely M, Field RT, Kustas WP, Weaver H, Stewart JB, Gurney R, Panin G, Moncrieff JB. Surface flux measurements in FIFE: An overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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