1
|
Shi X, Gao J, Lv Q, Cai H, Wang F, Ye R, Liu X. Calcification in Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability: Friend or Foe? Front Physiol 2020; 11:56. [PMID: 32116766 PMCID: PMC7013039 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification is a clinical marker of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on recent findings on the association between calcification and plaque vulnerability. Calcified plaques have traditionally been regarded as stable atheromas, those causing stenosis may be more stable than non-calcified plaques. With the advances in intravascular imaging technology, the detection of the calcification and its surrounding plaque components have evolved. Microcalcifications and spotty calcifications represent an active stage of vascular calcification correlated with inflammation, whereas the degree of plaque calcification is strongly inversely related to macrophage infiltration. Asymptomatic patients have a higher content of plaque calcification than that in symptomatic patients. The effect of calcification might be biphasic. Plaque rupture has been shown to correlate positively with the number of spotty calcifications, and inversely with the number of large calcifications. There may be certain stages of calcium deposition that may be more atherogenic. Moreover, superficial calcifications are independently associated with plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage, which may be due to the concentrated and asymmetrical distribution of biological stress in plaques. Conclusively, calcification of differential amounts, sizes, shapes, and positions may play differential roles in plaque homeostasis. The surrounding environments around the calcification within plaques also have impacts on plaque homeostasis. The interactive effects of these important factors of calcifications and plaques still await further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiushi Lv
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haodi Cai
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
|
4
|
|
5
|
Tsuji M, Nakamura M, Nishimura Y, Obase H. Nascent rovibrational distributions of CO(d 3Δi,e 3Σ−,a′ 3Σ+) produced in the dissociative recombination of CO2+ with electrons. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
6
|
Shaw D, Holland D, Hayes M, MacDonald M, Hopkirk A, McSweeney S. A study of the absolute photoabsorption, photoionisation and photodissociation cross sections and the photoionisation quantum efficiency of carbon dioxide from the ionisation threshold to 345 Å. Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00159-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
7
|
Tsuji M, Nakamura M, Nishimura Y, Obase H. Nascent rovibrational distribution of CO(A 1Π) produced in the recombination of CO+2 with electrons. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
8
|
|
9
|
Chan W, Cooper G, Brion C. The electronic spectrum of carbon dioxide. Discrete and continuum photoabsorption oscillator strengths (6–203 eV). Chem Phys 1993; 178:401-13. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(93)85079-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Holland D, West J, Hayes M. The effect of autoionization on the CO2+ X 2Πg vibrational branching ratios in the wavelength range 680–790 Å. Chem Phys 1990; 148:241-54. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(90)89021-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Frey R, Gotchev B, Peatman W, Pollak H, Schlag E. Photoionization resonance study of the X̃(2Π), Ã(2Π), B̃(2Σ+) and C̃(2Σ+) states of CS2+ and COS+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(78)80016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Frey R, Gotchev B, Kalman O, Peatman W, Pollak H, Schlag E. Photoionization Resonance spectra of CO+2 and threshold electron—ion coincidence measurements of the fragmentation of CO+2. Chem Phys 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(77)85181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Batten CF, Taylor JA, Meisels GG. Photoionization processes at threshold. I. Threshold photoelectron and photoionization spectra of CO2. J Chem Phys 1976. [DOI: 10.1063/1.433505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
22
|
England WB, Rosenberg BJ, Fortune PJ, Wahl AC. Ab initio vertical spectra and linear bent correlation diagrams for the valence states of CO2 and its singly charged ions. J Chem Phys 1976. [DOI: 10.1063/1.433081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
23
|
Koyano I, Wauchop TS, Welge KH. Relative efficiencies of O(1S) production from photodissociation of Co2 between 1080 and 1160 Å. J Chem Phys 1975. [DOI: 10.1063/1.431061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
24
|
Bregman‐Reisler H, Doering JP. Optical excitation in collision of 500–5000 eV H2+, He+, Ne+, Ar+, and N2+ions with CO2. J Chem Phys 1975. [DOI: 10.1063/1.430911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
McCurdy CW, McKoy V. Equations of motion method: Inelastic electron scattering for helium and CO2 in the Born approximation. J Chem Phys 1974. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1682418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Gentieu EP, Mentall JE. Cross sections for production of the CO(A 1Π−X 1Σ) Fourth Positive band system and O(3S) by photodissociation of CO2. J Chem Phys 1973. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1679063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
30
|
|
31
|
Mumma MJ, Stone EJ, Borst WL, Zipf EC. Dissociative Excitation of Vacuum Ultraviolet Emission Features by Electron Impact on Molecular Gases. III. CO2. J Chem Phys 1972. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1678019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
32
|
|