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Jašík J, Valtera S, Vaidulych M, Bunian M, Lei Y, Halder A, Tarábková H, Jindra M, Kavan L, Frank O, Bartling S, Vajda Š. Oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexene on atomically precise subnanometer Cu 4-nPd n (0 ≤ n ≤ 4) tetramer clusters: the effect of cluster composition and support on performance. Faraday Discuss 2023; 242:70-93. [PMID: 36214279 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00108j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The pronounced effects of the composition of four-atom monometallic Cu and Pd and bimetallic CuPd clusters and the support on the catalytic activity and selectivity in the oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexene are reported. The ultra-nanocrystalline diamond supported clusters are highly active and dominantly produce benzene; some of the mixed clusters also produce cyclohexadiene, which are all clusters with a much suppressed combustion channel. The also highly active TiO2-supported tetramers solely produce benzene, without any combustion to CO2. The selectivity of the zirconia-supported mixed CuPd clusters and the monometallic Cu cluster is entirely different; though they are less active in comparison to clusters with other supports, these clusters produce significant fractions of cyclohexadiene, with their selectivity towards cyclohexadiene gradually increasing with the increasing number of copper atoms in the cluster, reaching about 50% for Cu3Pd1. The zirconia-supported copper tetramer stands out from among all the other tetramers in this reaction, with a selectivity towards cyclohexadiene of 70%, which far exceeds those of all the other cluster-support combinations. The findings from this study indicate a positive effect of copper on the stability of the mixed tetramers and potential new ways of fine-tuning catalyst performance by controlling the composition of the active site and via cluster-support interactions in complex oxidative reactions under the suppression of the undesired combustion of the feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Jašík
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Stanislav Valtera
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Mykhailo Vaidulych
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Muntaseer Bunian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Avik Halder
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9600 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Hana Tarábková
- Department of Electrochemical Materials, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jindra
- Department of Electrochemical Materials, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kavan
- Department of Electrochemical Materials, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Frank
- Department of Electrochemical Materials, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Štefan Vajda
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Valtera S, Jašík J, Vaidulych M, Olszówka JE, Zlámalová M, Tarábková H, Kavan L, Vajda Š. Atom by atom built subnanometer copper cluster catalyst for the highly selective oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexene. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:114302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0065350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of particle size and support on the catalytic performance of supported subnanometer copper clusters was investigated in the oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexene. From among the investigated seven size-selected subnanometer copper particles between a single atom and clusters containing 2–7 atoms, the highest activity was observed for the titania-supported copper tetramer with 100% selectivity toward benzene production and being about an order of magnitude more active than not only all the other investigated cluster sizes on the same support but also the same tetramer on the other supports, Al2O3, SiO2, and SnO2. In addition to the profound effect of cluster size on activity and with Cu4 outstanding from the studied series, Cu4 clusters supported on SiO2 provide an example of tuning selectivity through support effects when this particular catalyst also produces cyclohexadiene with about 30% selectivity. Titania-supported Cu5 and Cu7 clusters supported on TiO2 produce a high fraction of cyclohexadiene in contrast to their neighbors, while Cu4 and Cu6 solely produce benzene without any combustion, thus representing odd–even oscillation of selectivity with the number of atoms in the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Valtera
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Jašík
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mykhailo Vaidulych
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Elżbieta Olszówka
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Zlámalová
- Department of Electrochemical Materials, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Tarábková
- Department of Electrochemical Materials, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kavan
- Department of Electrochemical Materials, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Štefan Vajda
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Wu Q, Cen J, Zhao Y, Tong X, Li Y, Frenkel AI, Zhao S, Orlov A. A comprehensive study of catalytic, morphological and electronic properties of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters using XPS, STM, XAFS, and TPD techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1497-1503. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of microscopy and spectroscopy techniques comprehensively elucidates the unique properties of distinct ligand-protected gold nano clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Wu
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Jiajie Cen
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
- Division of Chemistry
| | - Shen Zhao
- Energy & Environment
- Southern Research
- Durham
- USA
| | - Alexander Orlov
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
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Kim IH, Seo HO, Park EJ, Han SW, Kim YD. Low Temperature CO oxidation over Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Decorating Internal Structures of a Mesoporous Alumina. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40497. [PMID: 28091561 PMCID: PMC5238452 DOI: 10.1038/srep40497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a chemical vapor deposition method with regulated sample temperatures under ambient pressure conditions, we were able to fully decorate the internal structure of a mesoporous Al2O3 bead (~1 mm in particle diameter) with iron oxide nanoparticles (with a mean lateral size of less than 1 nm). The iron oxide-decorated Al2O3 showed a high CO oxidation reactivity, even at room temperature. Very little deactivation of the CO oxidation activity was observed with increasing reaction time at ~100 °C. Additionally, this catalyst showed high CO oxidation activity, even after annealing at ~900 °C under atmospheric conditions (i.e., the structure of the catalysts could be maintained under very harsh treatment conditions). We show that our catalysts have potential for application as oxidation catalysts in industrial processes due to the simplicity of their fabrication process as well as the high and stable catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ook Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Han
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Li Q, Qiao L, Chen R, Ma Z, Si R, Yao Y, Wu K. Carbon monoxide oxidation catalysed by defective palladium chloride: DFT calculations, EXAFS, and in situ DRIRS measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2784-91. [PMID: 26725777 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the potential catalytic role of the palladium chloride catalyst in CO oxidation using density functional theory and experimental investigations. The active plane of the palladium chloride catalyst is identified as (140). We found that the defective PdCl2(140) surface is able to facilitate the activation of O2 and subsequently promote the oxidation of CO. The most significant reaction channel, the Eley-Rideal mechanism (MER1), proceeds first by a peroxo-type (OOCO) intermediate formation, second by O adsorption with the first CO2 release, then by the second CO attraction and the second CO2 formation, and finally by the second CO2 desorption and restoration of the defective PdCl2(140) surface. The rate-determining step is the formation of the second CO2 in the whole catalytic cycle. Compared to the previously reported catalytic systems, the reaction activation barrier (0.54 eV) of CO oxidation in the PdCl2 catalyst is low, indicating PdCl2 as a potential high-performance catalyst for CO oxidation. The present results enrich our understanding of CO oxidation of Pd-based catalysts and provide a basis for fabricating Pd-based catalysts with high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Luyang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Zuju Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Si
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Yuangen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Kechen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
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Li Q, Wei Y, Sa R, Ma Z, Wu K. A novel Pd3O9@α-Al2O3 catalyst under a hydroxylated effect: high activity in the CO oxidation reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32140-8. [PMID: 26308732 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of palladium-based and doped metal-oxide catalysts in CO oxidation, we design a new Pd3O9@α-Al2O3 catalyst and simulate its efficiency under a hydroxylated effect. The structure, electronic structure and oxidation activity of the hydroxylated Pd3O9@α-Al2O3(0001) surface are investigated by density functional theory. Under the O-rich growth conditions, Pd preferentially replaces Al. The lowest formation energy of the Pd-doped α-Al2O3(0001) surface is 0.21 eV under conditions wherein the coverage of the Pd-doped α-Al2O3 is 0.75 on a pre-hydroxylated surface and the water coverage is 0.25, which leads to formation of a Pd3O9 cluster embedded in the Al2O3(0001) surface. The reaction mechanisms of CO oxidization have been elucidated first by CO adsorption and migration, second by O(v) formation with the first CO2 release, then by the first foreign O2 filling and CO co-adsorption, and finally by the second CO2 desorption and restoration of the hydroxylated Pd3O9@α-Al2O3(0001) surface. The rate-determining step is the formation of the first CO2 in the whole catalytic cycle. The results also indicate that the energy barrier for CO oxidization is obviously reduced compared to that of the undoped surface, which implies that the introduction of Pd can efficiently improve the oxidation reactivity of the α-Al2O3(0001) surface. Compared to the synthesized Ir1/FeO(x) (1.41 eV) and Pt1/FeO(x) (0.79 eV) catalysts, the reaction activation barrier of CO oxidation is lowered by 0.65 eV and 0.03 eV, respectively. Therefore, the Pd3O9@α-Al2O3 catalyst shows superior catalytic activity in CO oxidation. The present results enrich the understanding of the catalytic oxidation of CO by palladium-based catalysts and provide a clue for fabricating palladium-based catalysts with low cost and high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Yongqin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Rongjian Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Zuju Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Kechen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vajda
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Michael G. White
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Li Q, Zhou Z, Chen R, Sun B, Qiao L, Yao Y, Wu K. Insights into the reaction mechanism of CO oxidative coupling to dimethyl oxalate over palladium: a combined DFT and IR study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9126-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05738d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative coupling of toxic pollutant CO to form the platform raw chemical material dimethyl oxalate (DMO) has been industrialized however the catalytic mechanism has been unknown so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- P. R. China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- P. R. China
| | - Ruiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- P. R. China
| | - Baozhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- P. R. China
| | - Luyang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- P. R. China
| | - Yuangen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- P. R. China
| | - Kechen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- P. R. China
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Heinzelmann J, Koop A, Proch S, Ganteför GF, Łazarski R, Sierka M. Cage-Like Nanoclusters of ZnO Probed by Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theory. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2642-2648. [PMID: 26277957 DOI: 10.1021/jz501181c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoclusters have been predicted as promising building blocks for cluster-assembled materials with unprecedented properties. Here, for the first time these clusters are probed by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and characterized in detail by density functional theory. Their validity as building blocks for cluster-assembled materials is confirmed via rigid cage-like structures facilitating three-dimensional aggregation in combination with large band gaps that are nevertheless significantly lower than any known ZnO polymorph. In addition, electron-hole pair localization in the excited state of the cluster anions combined with their structural rigidity leads to extraordinary long-lived states above the band gap virtually independent of the cluster size, defying the rule "every atom counts".
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Heinzelmann
- ‡Fachbereich für Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexander Koop
- ‡Fachbereich für Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Proch
- ‡Fachbereich für Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gerd F Ganteför
- ‡Fachbereich für Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Roman Łazarski
- †Otto-Schott-Institut für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marek Sierka
- †Otto-Schott-Institut für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Dollinger A, Stolch L, Luo Y, Beck M, Strobel CH, Hagner M, Dilger S, Bein M, Polarz S, Gantefoer GF, Kim YD, Proch S. Size-selected gold clusters on porous titania as the most “gold-efficient” heterogeneous catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11017-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00597j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Size-selected gold clusters on titania present highly efficient solution phase catalysts for bromination with NBS reaching TONs of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Stolch
- Fachbereich für Physik
- Universität Konstanz
- 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yuan Luo
- Fachbereich für Physik
- Universität Konstanz
- 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Beck
- Fachbereich für Physik
- Universität Konstanz
- 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Hagner
- Fachbereich für Physik
- Universität Konstanz
- 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Dilger
- Fachbereich für Chemie
- Universität Konstanz
- 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malin Bein
- Fachbereich für Chemie
- Universität Konstanz
- 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Polarz
- Fachbereich für Chemie
- Universität Konstanz
- 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Young-Dok Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Sebastian Proch
- Fachbereich für Physik
- Universität Konstanz
- 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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