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di Gregorio MC, Travaglini L, Del Giudice A, Cautela J, Pavel NV, Galantini L. Bile Salts: Natural Surfactants and Precursors of a Broad Family of Complex Amphiphiles. Langmuir 2019; 35:6803-6821. [PMID: 30234994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bile salts (BSs) are naturally occurring rigid surfactants with a steroidal skeleton and specific self-assembly and interface behaviors. Using bile salts as precursors, derivatives can be synthesized to obtain molecules with specific functionalities and amphiphilic structure. Modifications on single molecules are normally performed by substituting the least-hindered hydroxyl group on carbon C-3 of the steroidal A ring or at the end of the lateral chain. This leads to monosteroidal rigid building blocks that are often able to self-organize into 1D structures such as tubules, twisted ribbons, and fibrils with helical supramolecular packing. Tubular aggregates are of particular interest, and they are characterized by cross-section inner diameters spanning a wide range of values (3-500 nm). They can form through appealing pH- or temperature-responsive aggregation and in mixtures of bile salt derivatives to provide mixed tubules with tunable charge and size. Other derivatives can be prepared by covalently linking two or more bile salt molecules to provide complex systems such as oligomers, dendrimers, and polymeric materials. The unconventional amphiphilic molecular structure imparts specific features to BSs and derivatives that can be exploited in the formulation of capsules, drug carriers, dispersants, and templates for the synthesis of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leana Travaglini
- CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006 , Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Jacopo Cautela
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Nicolae Viorel Pavel
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
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Ashraf O, Nasr M, Nebsen M, Said AMA, Sammour O. In vitro stabilization and in vivo improvement of ocular pharmacokinetics of the multi-therapeutic agent baicalin: Delineating the most suitable vesicular systems. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gniado K, MacFhionnghaile P, McArdle P, Erxleben A. The natural bile acid surfactant sodium taurocholate (NaTC) as a coformer in coamorphous systems: Enhanced physical stability and dissolution behavior of coamorphous drug-NaTc systems. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:132-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gubitosi M, Meijide F, D'Annibale A, Vázquez Tato J, Jover A, Galantini L, Travaglini L, di Gregorio MC, Pavel NV. Crystal structure of a lithium salt of a glucosyl derivative of lithocholic acid. Steroids 2016; 113:87-94. [PMID: 27394960 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a Li(+) salt of a glucosyl derivative of lithocholic acid (lithium 3α-(α-d-glucopyranosyl)-5β-cholan-24-oate) has been solved. The crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system, P212121 spatial group, and includes acetone and water in the structure with a 1:1:2 stoichiometry. Monolayers, having a hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic edges, are recognized in the crystal structure. Li(+) is coordinated to three hydroxyl groups of three different glucose residues, with two of them belonging to the same monolayer. A fourth molecule, located in this monolayer, is involved in the coordination of the cation through the carboxylate ion by an electrostatic interaction, thus completing a distorted tetrahedron. All Li(+)-oxygen distances values are very close to the sum of the ionic radius of Li(+) and van der Waals radius of oxygen. Each steroid molecule is linked to other five steroid molecules through hydrogen bonds. Water and acetone are also involved in the hydrogen bond network. A hierarchical organization can be recognized in the crystal, the helical assembly along 21 screw axes being left-handed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gubitosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francisco Meijide
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Andrea D'Annibale
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - José Vázquez Tato
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Aida Jover
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Leana Travaglini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Nicolae V Pavel
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Berman MD, Carey MC. Metastable and equilibrium phase diagrams of unconjugated bilirubin IXα as functions of pH in model bile systems: Implications for pigment gallstone formation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G42-55. [PMID: 25359538 PMCID: PMC4281687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00277.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metastable and equilibrium phase diagrams for unconjugated bilirubin IXα (UCB) in bile are yet to be determined for understanding the physical chemistry of pigment gallstone formation. Also, UCB is a molecule of considerable biomedical importance because it is a potent antioxidant and an inhibitor of atherogenesis. We employed principally a titrimetric approach to obtain metastable and equilibrium UCB solubilities in model bile systems composed of taurine-conjugated bile salts, egg yolk lecithin (mixed long-chain phosphatidylcholines), and cholesterol as functions of total lipid concentration, biliary pH values, and CaCl2 plus NaCl concentrations. Metastable and equilibrium precipitation pH values were obtained, and average pKa values of the two carboxyl groups of UCB were calculated. Added lecithin and increased temperature decreased UCB solubility markedly, whereas increases in bile salt concentrations and molar levels of urea augmented solubility. A wide range of NaCl and cholesterol concentrations resulted in no specific effects, whereas added CaCl2 produced large decreases in UCB solubilities at alkaline pH values only. UV-visible absorption spectra were consistent with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between UCB and bile salts that were strongly influenced by pH. Reliable literature values for UCB compositions of native gallbladder biles revealed that biles from hemolytic mice and humans with black pigment gallstones are markedly supersaturated with UCB and exhibit more acidic pH values, whereas biles from nonstone control animals and patients with cholesterol gallstone are unsaturated with UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin D. Berman
- 1Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ,2Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ,3Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin C. Carey
- 1Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ,2Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ,3Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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de Petris G, Festa MR, Galantini L, Giglio E, Leggio C, Pavel NV, Troiani A. Sodium Glycodeoxycholate and Glycocholate Mixed Aggregates in Gas and Solution Phases. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:7162-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Research Center SOFT-INFM-CNR, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Festa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Research Center SOFT-INFM-CNR, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Research Center SOFT-INFM-CNR, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Research Center SOFT-INFM-CNR, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Leggio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Research Center SOFT-INFM-CNR, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicolae Viorel Pavel
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Research Center SOFT-INFM-CNR, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Research Center SOFT-INFM-CNR, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Chiou S, Huang C, Cheng Y, Lu C, Lin G. 1
H NMR characterization of a combination model of the mixed micelle taurocholate and 1,2‐ethylene‐di‐
N
‐
n
‐butylcarbamate. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shyh‐Ying Chiou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung‐Shan Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan‐Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung‐Shan Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ru Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung‐Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Ping Lu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gialih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung‐Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Funasaki N, Fukuba M, Kitagawa T, Nomura M, Ishikawa S, Hirota S, Neya S. Reply to the comment on "Two-dimensional NMR study on the structures of micelles of sodium taurocholate". J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:9851-2. [PMID: 16852187 DOI: 10.1021/jp0455374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Funasaki
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Galantini L, Giglio E, Pavel NV. Comment on "Two-dimensional NMR study on the structures of micelles of sodium taurocholate". J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:9849-50. [PMID: 16852186 DOI: 10.1021/jp0477708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Galantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Abstract
To study the composition of sodium cholate solutions, an investigation was carried out at 25 degrees C and in N(CH3)4Cl, as a constant ionic medium, at three different concentrations (W = 0.100; 0.500 and 0.800 mol dm(-3)). Electromotive force measurements of three different galvanic cells, the first involving a glass electrode for hydrogen ions, the second an electrode for sodium ions and the third a lead amalgam electrode, were performed. Independently, lead (II) cholate solubility measurements in the presence of sodium ions were performed, as well. The experimental results obtained from both approaches were explained by assuming the formation of aggregates in cholate and sodium of different composition depending on W and on the cholate concentration. The maximum aggregation found number for cholate was 24 and even aggregation numbers were markedly predominant. Only two species with odd aggregation number were found, but at a low percentage. The assumed species and the relative constants were compared with those found for the other sodium salt of cholanic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Bottari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, Box n. 34, Roma 62, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Elshihabi S, Black KD, Sutton JK, Woody KA, Burke JA, Bushey MM. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography of tri aza aromatic ligand compounds of iron (II): influence of bile salt type on enantiomeric separation. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3771-7. [PMID: 11699917 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:17<3771::aid-elps3771>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography is used with a variety of bile salt micelles to separate the enantiomers of bis(8-((pyridine-2-methylene)amino)quinoline)iron(II) hexafluorophosphate, Fe(PMAQ)2(PF6)2; bis(8-((pyridine-2-methylene)amino)lepidine iron(II) hexafluorophosphate, Fe(PMAL)2(PF6)2; and bis(1-(2-pyridinyl)ethylidine)-8-aminoquinoline iron(II) hexafluorophosphate, Fe(PEAQ)2(PF6)2. The influence of ten different bile salts on the resolution of each pair of enantiomers is investigated. Significant changes in resolution are seen depending upon the bile salt used. The dihydroxy bile salts are superior to the trihydroxy bile salts in terms of resolution, and the taurine or glycine conjugated bile salts yield better results than the unconjugated bile salts. Resolution for most enantiomers is maximized in a buffer solution containing 10-15% acetone and employing either taurochenodeoxycholic or glycochenodeoxycholic acid as the bile salt. Evidence for the separation of the corresponding Fe(III) complexes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elshihabi
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
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Kurtin WE, Enz J, Dunsmoor C, Evans N, Lightner DA. Acid dissociation constants of bilirubin and related carboxylic acid compounds in bile salt solutions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 381:83-91. [PMID: 11019823 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin, the yellow-orange tetrapyrrole pigment of jaundice, is essentially insoluble in pure water, but is much more soluble in solutions of bile salts such as sodium taurocholate. The biophysical chemistry of bilirubin in bile salt solutions is affected by changes in the pH of the solution in the range 5-9, suggesting that interactions with bile salt molecules and micelles may alter the acidity of the pigment. We have examined this possibility by determining the apparent pKa values for a series of carboxyl 13C-enriched model compounds, including the bilirubin analog mesobilirubin XIIIalpha, in solutions of sodium taurocholate and sodium taurodeoxycholate. Apparent pKa values were determined by 13C NMR titrations in dimethyl sulfoxide-water mixtures. The results show that the acidity of all compounds is decreased, or pKa increased, in micellar bile salt solution relative to pure water and that the effect is greatest for the larger, less water-soluble compounds. We have proposed a model to explain these results and discussed the implications of these findings for the biophysical chemistry of bilirubin in bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Kurtin
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA.
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Maeder C, Beaudoin GM, Hsu E, Escobar VA, Chambers SM, Kurtin WE, Bushey MM. Measurement of bilirubin partition coefficients in bile salt micelle/aqueous buffer solutions by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:706-14. [PMID: 10733210 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000301)21:4<706::aid-elps706>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The partition coefficients for the distribution of bilirubin between aqueous phosphateborate buffer and cholic, taurocholic, taurodeoxycholic, and taurochenodeoxycholic micelles have been measured by micellar electrokinetic chromatography at pH 8.5. Determination of the partition coefficients required that the critical micelle concentration and partial specific volumes be determined for each bile salt. Critical micelle concentrations were slightly higher for the trihydroxy bile salts. Partial specific volumes of the bile salt micelles differed very little from each other, and for each bile salt they were constant over the concentration range studied, which was typically from slightly above the critical micelle concentration to 35 mM. Capacity factors were corrected for the effects of applied voltage by extrapolation of the capacity factor to zero applied volts. The free solution mobility of bilirubin, determined in the absence of bile salt, was also corrected for the effects of applied voltage. Plots of extrapolated capacity factor versus phase ratio yield the partition coefficient as the slope of a linear fit to the data. Partition coefficients for bilirubin were significantly higher for dihydroxy bile salts than for trihydroxy bile salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maeder
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
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Bonincontro A, Briganti G, D'Archivio AA, Galantini L, Giglio E. Structural Study of the Micellar Aggregates of Sodium Taurodeoxycholate. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp964004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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