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Ramakrishnan RK, Ravichandran AB, Kaushik I, Hegde G, Talabattula S, Rohde PP. The Quantum Internet: A Hardware Review. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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2
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Hooper DA, Wilson BA, Miloshevsky A, Williams BP, Peters NA. Effects of a nuclear disturbed environment on a quantum free space optical link. Opt Express 2021; 29:27254-27277. [PMID: 34615145 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript investigates the potential effect of a nuclear-disturbed atmospheric environment on the signal attenuation of a ground/satellite transmitter/receiver system for both classical optical and quantum communications applications. Attenuation of a signal transmitted through the rising nuclear cloud and the subsequently transported debris is modeled climatologically for surface-level detonations of 10 kt, 100 kt, and 1 Mt. Attenuation statistics were collected as a function of time after detonation. These loss terms were compared to normal loss sources such as clouds, smoke from fires, and clear sky operation. Finally, the loss was related to the degradation of transmitted entanglement derived from Bayesian mean estimation.
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Agnesi C, Vedovato F, Schiavon M, Dequal D, Calderaro L, Tomasin M, Marangon DG, Stanco A, Luceri V, Bianco G, Vallone G, Villoresi P. Exploring the boundaries of quantum mechanics: advances in satellite quantum communications. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 376:20170461. [PMID: 29807904 PMCID: PMC5990660 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest in quantum communications has stimulated great technological progress in satellite quantum technologies. These advances have rendered the aforesaid technologies mature enough to support the realization of experiments that test the foundations of quantum theory at unprecedented scales and in the unexplored space environment. Such experiments, in fact, could explore the boundaries of quantum theory and may provide new insights to investigate phenomena where gravity affects quantum objects. Here, we review recent results in satellite quantum communications and discuss possible phenomena that could be observable with current technologies. Furthermore, stressing the fact that space represents an incredible resource to realize new experiments aimed at highlighting some physical effects, we challenge the community to propose new experiments that unveil the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity that could be realizable in the near future.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Foundations of quantum mechanics and their impact on contemporary society'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Agnesi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Vedovato
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Schiavon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Dequal
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Matera Laser Ranging Observatory, Italian Space Agency, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Luca Calderaro
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Tomasin
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Davide G Marangon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Stanco
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Bianco
- Matera Laser Ranging Observatory, Italian Space Agency, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vallone
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Villoresi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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4
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Liao SK, Cai WQ, Handsteiner J, Liu B, Yin J, Zhang L, Rauch D, Fink M, Ren JG, Liu WY, Li Y, Shen Q, Cao Y, Li FZ, Wang JF, Huang YM, Deng L, Xi T, Ma L, Hu T, Li L, Liu NL, Koidl F, Wang P, Chen YA, Wang XB, Steindorfer M, Kirchner G, Lu CY, Shu R, Ursin R, Scheidl T, Peng CZ, Wang JY, Zeilinger A, Pan JW. Satellite-Relayed Intercontinental Quantum Network. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:030501. [PMID: 29400544 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We perform decoy-state quantum key distribution between a low-Earth-orbit satellite and multiple ground stations located in Xinglong, Nanshan, and Graz, which establish satellite-to-ground secure keys with ∼kHz rate per passage of the satellite Micius over a ground station. The satellite thus establishes a secure key between itself and, say, Xinglong, and another key between itself and, say, Graz. Then, upon request from the ground command, Micius acts as a trusted relay. It performs bitwise exclusive or operations between the two keys and relays the result to one of the ground stations. That way, a secret key is created between China and Europe at locations separated by 7600 km on Earth. These keys are then used for intercontinental quantum-secured communication. This was, on the one hand, the transmission of images in a one-time pad configuration from China to Austria as well as from Austria to China. Also, a video conference was performed between the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which also included a 280 km optical ground connection between Xinglong and Beijing. Our work clearly confirms the Micius satellite as a robust platform for quantum key distribution with different ground stations on Earth, and points towards an efficient solution for an ultralong-distance global quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Johannes Handsteiner
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
- School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Juan Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronic Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Dominik Rauch
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Matthias Fink
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ji-Gang Ren
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Wei-Yue Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Feng-Zhi Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Feng Wang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yong-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Astronautic Dynamics, Xi'an Satellite Control Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Tai Hu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Li Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Nai-Le Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Franz Koidl
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz 8042, Austria
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz 8042, Austria
| | - Yu-Ao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | | | - Georg Kirchner
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz 8042, Austria
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Rong Shu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronic Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Rupert Ursin
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Scheidl
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Yu Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronic Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Anton Zeilinger
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
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Vedovato F, Agnesi C, Schiavon M, Dequal D, Calderaro L, Tomasin M, Marangon DG, Stanco A, Luceri V, Bianco G, Vallone G, Villoresi P. Extending Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment to space. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1701180. [PMID: 29075668 PMCID: PMC5656428 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gedankenexperiments have consistently played a major role in the development of quantum theory. A paradigmatic example is Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment, a wave-particle duality test that cannot be fully understood using only classical concepts. We implement Wheeler's idea along a satellite-ground interferometer that extends for thousands of kilometers in space. We exploit temporal and polarization degrees of freedom of photons reflected by a fast-moving satellite equipped with retroreflecting mirrors. We observe the complementary wave- or particle-like behaviors at the ground station by choosing the measurement apparatus while the photons are propagating from the satellite to the ground. Our results confirm quantum mechanical predictions, demonstrating the need of the dual wave-particle interpretation at this unprecedented scale. Our work paves the way for novel applications of quantum mechanics in space links involving multiple photon degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vedovato
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Costantino Agnesi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Schiavon
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Dequal
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Matera Laser Ranging Observatory, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Matera, Italy
| | - Luca Calderaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Tomasin
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide G. Marangon
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Stanco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Bianco
- Matera Laser Ranging Observatory, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Matera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vallone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Villoresi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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6
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Lim JG, Anisimova E, Higgins BL, Bourgoin JP, Jennewein T, Makarov V. Laser annealing heals radiation damage in avalanche photodiodes. EPJ Quantum Technol 2017; 4:11. [PMID: 31179202 PMCID: PMC6529049 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-017-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are a practical option for space-based quantum communications requiring single-photon detection. However, radiation damage to APDs significantly increases their dark count rates and thus reduces their useful lifetimes in orbit. We show that high-power laser annealing of irradiated APDs of three different models (Excelitas C30902SH, Excelitas SLiK, and Laser Components SAP500S2) heals the radiation damage and several APDs are restored to typical pre-radiation dark count rates. Of nine samples we test, six APDs were thermally annealed in a previous experiment as another solution to mitigate the radiation damage. Laser annealing reduces the dark count rates further in all samples with the maximum dark count rate reduction factor varying between 5.3 and 758 when operating at - 80 ∘ C . This indicates that laser annealing is a more effective method than thermal annealing. The illumination power to reach these reduction factors ranges from 0.8 to 1.6 W. Other photon detection characteristics, such as photon detection efficiency, timing jitter, and afterpulsing probability, fluctuate but the overall performance of quantum communications should be largely unaffected by these variations. These results herald a promising method to extend the lifetime of a quantum satellite equipped with APDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyu Lim
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Elena Anisimova
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Brendon L Higgins
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bourgoin
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Thomas Jennewein
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Quantum Information Science Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8 Canada
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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7
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Anisimova E, Higgins BL, Bourgoin JP, Cranmer M, Choi E, Hudson D, Piche LP, Scott A, Makarov V, Jennewein T. Mitigating radiation damage of single photon detectors for space applications. EPJ Quantum Technol 2017; 4:10. [PMID: 31179201 PMCID: PMC6529048 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-017-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon detectors in space must retain useful performance characteristics despite being bombarded with sub-atomic particles. Mitigating the effects of this space radiation is vital to enabling new space applications which require high-fidelity single-photon detection. To this end, we conducted proton radiation tests of various models of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and one model of photomultiplier tube potentially suitable for satellite-based quantum communications. The samples were irradiated with 106 MeV protons at doses approximately equivalent to lifetimes of 0.6 , 6, 12 and 24 months in a low-Earth polar orbit. Although most detection properties were preserved, including efficiency, timing jitter and afterpulsing probability, all APD samples demonstrated significant increases in dark count rate (DCR) due to radiation-induced damage, many orders of magnitude higher than the 200 counts per second (cps) required for ground-to-satellite quantum communications. We then successfully demonstrated the mitigation of this DCR degradation through the use of deep cooling, to as low as - 86 ∘ C . This achieved DCR below the required 200 cps over the 24 months orbit duration. DCR was further reduced by thermal annealing at temperatures of +50 to + 100 ∘ C .
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anisimova
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Brendon L Higgins
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bourgoin
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Miles Cranmer
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Eric Choi
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Magellan Aerospace, 3701 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K2H 8S2 Canada
| | - Danya Hudson
- Honeywell Aerospace (formerly COM DEV Ltd.), 303 Terry Fox Dr., Suite 100, Ottawa, ON K2K 3J1 Canada
| | - Louis P Piche
- Honeywell Aerospace (formerly COM DEV Ltd.), 303 Terry Fox Dr., Suite 100, Ottawa, ON K2K 3J1 Canada
| | - Alan Scott
- Honeywell Aerospace (formerly COM DEV Ltd.), 303 Terry Fox Dr., Suite 100, Ottawa, ON K2K 3J1 Canada
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1K2K 3J1 Canada
| | - Thomas Jennewein
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Quantum Information Science Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8 Canada
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8
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Tang Z, Chandrasekara R, Tan YC, Cheng C, Durak K, Ling A. The photon pair source that survived a rocket explosion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25603. [PMID: 27161541 DOI: 10.1038/srep25603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the performance of a compact photon pair source that was recovered intact from a failed space launch. The source had been embedded in a nanosatellite and was designed to perform pathfinder experiments leading to global quantum communication networks using spacecraft. Despite the launch vehicle explosion soon after takeoff, the nanosatellite was successfully retrieved from the accident site and the source within it was found to be fully operational. We describe the assembly technique for the rugged source. Post-recovery data is compared to baseline measurements collected before the launch attempt and no degradation in brightness or polarization correlation was observed. The survival of the source through an extreme environment provides strong evidence that it is possible to engineer rugged quantum optical systems.
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9
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Bourgoin JP, Higgins BL, Gigov N, Holloway C, Pugh CJ, Kaiser S, Cranmer M, Jennewein T. Free-space quantum key distribution to a moving receiver. Opt Express 2015; 23:33437-33447. [PMID: 26832008 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.033437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Technological realities limit terrestrial quantum key distribution (QKD) to single-link distances of a few hundred kilometers. One promising avenue for global-scale quantum communication networks is to use low-Earth-orbit satellites. Here we report the first demonstration of QKD from a stationary transmitter to a receiver platform traveling at an angular speed equivalent to a 600 km altitude satellite, located on a moving truck. We overcome the challenges of actively correcting beam pointing, photon polarization and time-of-flight. Our system generates an asymptotic secure key at 40 bits/s.
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10
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11
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Yin J, Cao Y, Liu SB, Pan GS, Wang JH, Yang T, Zhang ZP, Yang FM, Chen YA, Peng CZ, Pan JW. Experimental quasi-single-photon transmission from satellite to earth. Opt Express 2013; 21:20032-20040. [PMID: 24105550 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Free-space quantum communication with satellites opens a promising avenue for global secure quantum network and large-scale test of quantum foundations. Recently, numerous experimental efforts have been carried out towards this ambitious goal. However, one essential step--transmitting single photons from the satellite to the ground with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at realistic environments--remains experimental challenging. Here, we report a direct experimental demonstration of the satellite-ground transmission of a quasi-single-photon source. In the experiment, single photons (~0.85 photon per pulse) are generated by reflecting weak laser pulses back to earth with a cube-corner retro-reflector on the satellite CHAMP, collected by a 600-mm diameter telescope at the ground station, and finally detected by single-photon counting modules after 400-km free-space link transmission. With the help of high accuracy time synchronization, narrow receiver field-of-view and high-repetition-rate pulses (76 MHz), a SNR of better than 16:1 is obtained, which is sufficient for a secure quantum key distribution. Our experimental results represent an important step towards satellite-ground quantum communication.
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12
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Tan YC, Chandrasekara R, Cheng C, Ling A. Silicon avalanche photodiode operation and lifetime analysis for small satellites. Opt Express 2013; 21:16946-16954. [PMID: 23938543 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.016946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Silicon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are sensitive to operating temperature fluctuations and are also susceptible to radiation flux expected in satellite-based quantum experiments. We introduce a low power voltage adjusting mechanism to overcome the effects of in-orbit temperature fluctuations. We also present data on the performance of Si APDs after irradiation (γ-ray and proton beam). Combined with an analysis of expected orbital irradiation, we propose that a Si APD in a 400 km equatorial orbit may operate beyond the lifetime of the satellite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chuan Tan
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Block S15, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543.
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Jofre M, Gardelein A, Anzolin G, Amaya W, Capmany J, Ursin R, Peñate L, Lopez D, San Juan JL, Carrasco JA, Garcia F, Torcal-Milla FJ, Sanchez-Brea LM, Bernabeu E, Perdigues JM, Jennewein T, Torres JP, Mitchell MW, Pruneri V. Fast optical source for quantum key distribution based on semiconductor optical amplifiers. Opt Express 2011; 19:3825-3834. [PMID: 21369207 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.003825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel integrated optical source capable of emitting faint pulses with different polarization states and with different intensity levels at 100 MHz has been developed. The source relies on a single laser diode followed by four semiconductor optical amplifiers and thin film polarizers, connected through a fiber network. The use of a single laser ensures high level of indistinguishability in time and spectrum of the pulses for the four different polarizations and three different levels of intensity. The applicability of the source is demonstrated in the lab through a free space quantum key distribution experiment which makes use of the decoy state BB84 protocol. We achieved a lower bound secure key rate of the order of 3.64 Mbps and a quantum bit error ratio as low as 1.14×10⁻² while the lower bound secure key rate became 187 bps for an equivalent attenuation of 35 dB. To our knowledge, this is the fastest polarization encoded QKD system which has been reported so far. The performance, reduced size, low power consumption and the fact that the components used can be space qualified make the source particularly suitable for secure satellite communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jofre
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Barcelona, Spain.
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