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Kang YK, Ryu MH, Di Bartolomeo M, Chau I, Yoon H, Kim JG, Lee KW, Oh SC, Takashima A, Kryzhanivska A, Chao Y, Evesque L, Schenker M, McGinn A, Zhao Y, Lee J, Wyrwicz L, Boku N. Rivoceranib, a VEGFR-2 inhibitor, monotherapy in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (ANGEL study): an international, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Gastric Cancer 2024; 27:375-386. [PMID: 38281295 PMCID: PMC10896803 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rivoceranib is an oral, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. ANGEL (NCT03042611) was a global, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study evaluating rivoceranib as 3rd-line or ≥4th-line therapy in patients with advanced/metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. METHODS Patients had failed ≥2 lines of chemotherapy and were randomized 2:1 to rivoceranib 700 mg once daily or placebo with best supportive care. PRIMARY ENDPOINT overall survival (OS) in the intention-to-treat population. Secondary endpoints: progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) by blinded independent central review (BICR). RESULTS In total, 460 patients (rivoceranib n = 308, placebo n = 152) were enrolled. OS was not statistically different for rivoceranib versus placebo (median 5.78 vs. 5.13 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.93, 95% CI 0.74-1.15; p = 0.4724). PFS by BICR (median 2.83 vs. 1.77 months; HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.47-0.71; p < 0.0001), ORR (6.5% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.0119), and DCR (40.3 vs. 13.2%; p < 0.0001) were improved with rivoceranib versus placebo. In patients receiving ≥4th-line therapy, OS (median 6.34 vs. 4.73 months; p = 0.0192) and PFS by BICR (median 3.52 vs. 1.71 months; p < 0.0001) were improved with rivoceranib versus placebo. The most common grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events with rivoceranib were hypertension (17.9%), anemia (10.4%), aspartate aminotransferase increased (9.4%), asthenia (8.5%), and proteinuria (7.5%). CONCLUSIONS This study did not meet its primary OS endpoint. Compared to placebo, rivoceranib improved PFS, ORR, and DCR. Rivoceranib also improved OS in a prespecified patient subgroup receiving ≥4th-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Koo Kang
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Min-Hee Ryu
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | | | - Ian Chau
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Harry Yoon
- Mayo Clinical Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jong Gwang Kim
- Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Songnam, Korea
| | | | | | - Anna Kryzhanivska
- Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Oncological Center, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Yee Chao
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Michael Schenker
- Centrul de Oncologie 'Sf. Nectarie', Sectia de Oncologie Medicala, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Yufan Zhao
- Elevar Therapeutics, Inc, Fort Lee, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lucjan Wyrwicz
- Klinika Onkologii I Radioterapii, Centrum Onkologii, Instytut Im.Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie, Warsaw, Poland
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Jang S, Strickland B, Finis L, Kooijman JJ, Melis JJTM, Zaman GJR, Van Tornout J. Comparative biochemical kinase activity analysis identifies rivoceranib as a highly selective VEGFR2 inhibitor. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 91:491-499. [PMID: 37148323 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis, is highly expressed across numerous tumor types and has been an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy. However, clinical application of available VEGFR2 inhibitors has been challenged by limited efficacy and a wide range of side effects, potentially due to inadequate selectivity for VEGFR2. Thus, development of potent VEGFR2 inhibitors with improved selectivity is needed. Rivoceranib is an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor that potently and selectively targets VEGFR2. A comparative understanding of the potency and selectivity of rivoceranib and approved inhibitors of VEGFR2 is valuable to inform rationale for therapy selection in the clinic. Here, we performed biochemical analyses of the kinase activity of VEGFR2 and of a panel of 270 kinases to compare rivoceranib to 10 FDA-approved kinase inhibitors ("reference inhibitors") with known activity against VEGFR2. Rivoceranib demonstrated potency within the range of the reference inhibitors, with a VEGFR2 kinase inhibition IC50 value of 16 nM. However, analysis of residual kinase activity of the panel of 270 kinases showed that rivoceranib displayed greater selectivity for VEGFR2 compared with the reference inhibitors. Differences in selectivity among compounds within the observed range of potency of VEGFR2 kinase inhibition are clinically relevant, as toxicities associated with available VEGFR2 inhibitors are thought to be partly due to their effects against kinases other than VEGFR2. Together, this comparative biochemical analysis highlights the potential for rivoceranib to address clinical limitations associated with off-target effects of currently available VEGFR2 inhibitors.
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Zhong N, Zhuang W, Huang Q, Wang Q, Jin W. Apatinib inhibits the growth of small cell lung cancer via a mechanism mediated by VEGF, PI3K/Akt and Ki-67/CD31. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10039-10048. [PMID: 34590406 PMCID: PMC8572765 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti‐tumour effect of apatinib on extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and elucidate the associated mechanisms. NCI‐H345 cells were selected as model cells because of high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and phosphorylated‐VEGFR2 (pVEGFR2). Cells were exposed to recombinant human VEGF (rhVEGF) and apatinib. Cells were then divided into eight groups, namely, control, rhVEGF, apatinib, rhVEGF+apatinib, serum‐free medium (SM), SM+rhVEGF, SM+apatinib and SM+rhVEGF+apatinib. In comparison with the control group, cell proliferation in vitro in apatinib, SM, SM+apatinib and SM+rhVEGF+apatinib groups was inhibited, particularly in SM+apatinib group. The effect of apatinib on tumour growth in vivo was investigated using a mouse xenograft tumour model. In comparison with the control group, tumour sizes were reduced in apatinib‐treated group on days 34 and 37. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed that VEGF, pVEGFR2, PI3K, AKT, p‐ERK1/2, Ki‐67 and CD31 in the tumour cells of apatinib‐treated group were downregulated compared with control group. Haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that apatinib promoted the necrosis of SCLC cells in vivo. In conclusion, apatinib inhibited the growth of SCLC cells by downregulating the expression of VEGF, pVEGFR2, p‐PI3K, p‐AKT, p‐ERK1/2, Ki‐67 and CD31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhong
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Jiangxi Health Vocational College, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Oncology, the People's Hospital of Ruijin City, Ruijin, China
| | - Wenjian Jin
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, China
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Wu Y, Cheng G, Chen H, Wang J, Wang J, Wang W. IL-17 predicts the effect of TACE combined with apatinib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 77:37-47. [PMID: 32651310 DOI: 10.3233/ch-200857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IL-17 is considered to be a cancer-promoting gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we explored the effect of IL-17 in predicting the therapeutic effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with apartinib in patients with HCC in this study. METHODS Established of IL-17 knockdown SK-Hep1 cells for studying the effects of IL-17 expression on the invasion and migration of human HCC cells in vitro by transwell assay and tumor angiogenesis in nude mouse. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of IL-17, E-cadherin, Vimentin and CD34 protein in 175 cases of human HCC tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier was used to analyze the prognostic significance of TACE combined with apatinib treatment in HCC patients. RESULTS n SK-Hep1 cells, IL-17 knockdown could increase E-cadherin protein expression, reduce vimentin protein expression, inhibit cell invasion and migration in vitro, and inhibit angiogenesis of tumor and decrease plasma VEGF level in nude mouse. In tumor tissues of HCC patients, IL-17 protein expression was negatively correlated with E-cadherin protein expression (r = -0.622, P < 0.001), positively correlated with Vimentin protein expression (r = 0.540, P < 0.001), and was positively correlated with MVD of HCC tumor tissues (r = 0.564, P < 0.001). Compared with adjuvant TACE alone, patients with low-expression of IL-17 treated combined with apatinib have a higher 5-year overall survival. However, additional apatinib treatment did not significantly improve 5-year overall survival in HCC patients with high IL-17 expression. CONCLUSION IL-17 had a pivotal role in the invasion and angiogenesis of HCC and contribute to the selection of patients who may benefit from adjuvant TACE combined with apatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Wu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guangyuan Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jingzhong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wanbi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
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Li L, Kong F, Zhang L, Li X, Fu X, Wang X, Wu J, Zhang F, Ren L, Zhang M. Apatinib, a novel VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for relapsed and refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma: data from an open-label, single-arm, exploratory study. Invest New Drugs 2020; 38:1847-1853. [PMID: 32363427 PMCID: PMC7575486 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Apatinib, a new tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, has shown promising efficacy against several solid cancers, but evidence of its efficacy against relapsed and refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma is limited. We investigated the efficacy and safety of apatinib for relapsed and refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma in an open-label, single-arm, phase II clinical trial. Fifty-one patients with relapsed and refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. All patients received apatinib at an initial dose of 500 mg daily (1 cycle = 28 days). The primary and secondary endpoints were overall response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival. We evaluated treatment effects and recorded apatinib-related adverse events by performing regular follow-ups and workup. The overall response rate (complete and partial responses) was 31.37% (16/51). The median overall survival and progression-free survival were 16 (95% CI, 9.32–22.68) and 9 months (95% CI, 5.24–12.76), respectively. Most patients tolerated treatment-related adverse events of grades 1 and 2; hypertension (29, 56.86%), proteinuria (25, 49.02%), and hand–foot syndrome (27, 52.94%) were the most common adverse events. There were no treatment-related deaths. Apatinib showed good efficacy and safety in patients with relapsed and refractory NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Fei Kong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaorui Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fangwen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Liangliang Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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