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Ye W, Xie T, Song Y, Zhou L. The role of androgen and its related signals in PCOS. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1825-1837. [PMID: 33369146 PMCID: PMC7882969 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women at reproductive age. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms have not been completely understood. Hyperandrogenism is an important clinic feature in patients with PCOS, suggesting its pathologic role in the development and progression of PCOS. However, the actual role of androgen and the related signals in PCOS and PCOS-related complications have not yet been clarified. In this review, we surveyed the origin and effects of androgen on PCOS and the related complications, highlighted the cellular signals affecting androgen synthesis and summarized the pathological processes caused by hyperandrogenism. Our review well reveals the important mechanisms referring the pathogenesis of PCOS and provides important clues to the clinic strategies in patients with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ye
- Division of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Song
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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Nekoonam S, Naji M, Mortezaee K, Amidi F. Roles of methyltrienolone (R1881) in AKTs and AR expression patterns of cultured granulosa‐lutein cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7204-7211. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Nekoonam
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Naji
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineKurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Fardin Amidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Infertility, Shariati HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Nekoonam S, Naji M, Nashtaei MS, Mortezaee K, Koruji M, Safdarian L, Amidi F. Expression of AKT1 along with AKT2 in granulosa-lutein cells of hyperandrogenic PCOS patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 295:1041-1050. [PMID: 28271235 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE AKTs have a pivotal role in the granulosa-lutein cell (GC) proliferation and folliculogenesis, and there is a reciprocal feedback between AKT with androgen. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the role of AKTs in GCs of hyperandrogenic (+HA) PCOS cases. METHOD There were three groups: control, +HA PCOS and -HA (non-hyperandrogenic) PCOS. All groups were subjected to GnRH antagonist protocol for stimulation of ovulation. Follicular fluid was aspirated from large follicles, and GCs were isolated using cell strainer method. AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, and androgen receptor (AR) mRNA expressions were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and total-AKT and p-AKT (Ser473 & Thr308) were investigated using western blotting. RESULTS There were high levels of AKT1, AKT2, and AR mRNA expressions and high levels of p-AKT protein expression in the +HA PCOS group (p ≤ 0.05). There was a direct positive correlation between free testosterone (FT) and total testosterone (TT) with the levels of AKT1, AKT2, and p-AKT (Ser473), and also between FT with the levels of AR. CONCLUSION High expressions of AKT1 and AKT2 through possible relation with androgen may cause GCs dysfunction in the +HA PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Nekoonam
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour Sina St, Tehran, Postal code 1417613151, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naji
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour Sina St, Tehran, Postal code 1417613151, Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani Nashtaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour Sina St, Tehran, Postal code 1417613151, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Department of Anatomy, School of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leili Safdarian
- Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Amidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour Sina St, Tehran, Postal code 1417613151, Iran. .,Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rousseau E, Michel PP, Hirsch EC. The iron-binding protein lactoferrin protects vulnerable dopamine neurons from degeneration by preserving mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:888-98. [PMID: 24077968 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.087965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on postmortem human brain tissue have shown that the iron-binding glycoprotein lactoferrin is upregulated in dopamine (DA) neurons resistant to degeneration in Parkinson disease (PD). To study how this could possibly relate to disease progression, we used midbrain cultures and experimental settings that model the progressive loss of DA neurons in this disorder. Human lactoferrin of either recombinant or natural origin provided robust protection to vulnerable DA neurons in a culture paradigm in which these neurons die spontaneously and selectively as they mature. The efficacy of lactoferrin was comparable to that of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, a prototypical neurotrophic factor for DA neurons. Neuroprotection by lactoferrin was attributable to its binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface of DA neurons and subsequently to partial inactivation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a major effector kinase of integrins. We established that FAK inactivation served to unmask a prosurvival phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT-dependent signaling pathway that stimulates calcium shuttling from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria. DA neurons exposed to the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium were also partially protected by lactoferrin, further supporting the view that mitochondria may represent a downstream target for lactoferrin protective actions. Finally, we found that the iron binding capability of lactoferrin intervened in DA cell rescue only when neurodegeneration was consecutive to iron-catalyzed oxidative stress. Overall, our data suggest that the accumulation of lactoferrin in PD brains might be evidence of an attempt by the brain to minimize the consequences of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Rousseau
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
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Sominsky L, Sobinoff AP, Jobling MS, Pye V, McLaughlin EA, Hodgson DM. Immune regulation of ovarian development: programming by neonatal immune challenge. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:100. [PMID: 23781169 PMCID: PMC3679471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal immune challenge by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces enduring alterations in the development and activity of neuroendocrine, immune and other physiological systems. We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to an immune challenge by administration of LPS results in altered reproductive development in the female Wistar rat. Specifically, LPS-treated animals exhibited diminished ovarian reserve and altered reproductive lifespan. In the current study, we examined the cellular mechanisms that lead to the previously documented impaired ovulation and reduced follicular pool. Rats were administered intraperitoneally either 0.05 mg/kg of LPS (Salmonella Enteritidis) or an equivalent volume of non-pyrogenic saline on postnatal days (PNDs) 3 and 5, and ovaries were obtained on PND 7. Microarray analysis revealed a significant upregulation in transcript expression (2-fold change; p < 0.05) for a substantial number of genes in the ovaries of LPS-treated animals, implicated in immune cell signaling, inflammatory responses, reproductive system development and disease. Several canonical pathways involved in immune recognition were affected by LPS treatment, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and LPS-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Quantitative Real-time PCR analysis supported the microarray results. Protein expression analysis of several components of the MAPK signaling pathway revealed a significant upregulation in the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the neonatal ovary of LPS-treated animals. These results indicate that neonatal immune challenge by administration of LPS has a direct effect on the ovary during the sensitive period of follicular formation. Given the pivotal role of inflammatory processes in the regulation of reproductive health, our findings suggest that early life immune activation via TLR signaling may have significant implications for the programming of ovarian development and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Faculty of Science and IT, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Kim YS, Gu BH, Choi BC, Kim MS, Song S, Yun JH, Chung MK, Choi CH, Baek KH. Apolipoprotein A-IV as a novel gene associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:707-16. [PMID: 23338533 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine-metabolic disorder, affecting 6-10% of women of reproductive age. The etiology remains poorly understood. To investigate the differentially expressed proteins from PCOS patients versus healthy women, the protein expression in follicular fluid was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Since follicular fluid contains a number of secretory proteins required for oocyte fertilization and follicle maturation, it is possible that follicular fluid can be used as a provisional source for identifying pivotal proteins associated with PCOS. In this study, six overexpressed proteins [kininogen 1, cytokeratin 9, antithrombin, fibrinogen γ-chain, apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) precursor and α-1-B-glycoprotein (A1BG)] in follicular fluids from PCOS patients were identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and nano LC-MS/MS. Western blot analysis confirmed that the protein expression levels of apoA-IV precursor and A1BG were increased in follicular fluid from PCOS patients compared with those from normal controls. The analysis of protein expression for other proteins revealed individual variation. These results facilitate the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PCOS and provide candidate biomarkers for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Fertility Center, CHA University, CHA General Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Makker A, Goel MM, Das V, Agarwal A. PI3K-Akt-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis: an update. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:175-81. [PMID: 21916800 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.583955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K-Akt-mTOR and MAP kinase are two important cell signaling pathways that are activated by steroid hormones and growth factors leading to cellular events including gene expression, cell proliferation and survival. These pathways are considered as an attractive target for the development of novel anticancer molecules, and selective inhibitors specifically targeting different components of these cascades have been developed. This review summarizes the current available knowledge on the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and MAPK pathways and their targeting in estrogen-dependent benign gynecological disorders viz. polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis, which are a significant cause of high morbidity in women of reproductive age group. Increasing knowledge about the role of the two growth regulatory pathways in the pathogenesis of these disorders may give the opportunity to use specific signal transduction inhibitors for management of these patients in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Makker
- Post-Graduate Department of Pathology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, India.
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