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Miklós G, Angeli C, Ambrus Á, Nagy A, Kardos V, Zentai A, Kerekes K, Farkas Z, Jóźwiak Á, Bartók T. Detection of Aflatoxins in Different Matrices and Food-Chain Positions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1916. [PMID: 32983001 PMCID: PMC7480073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, produced mainly by filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are one of the most carcinogenic compounds that have adverse health effects on both humans and animals consuming contaminated food and feed, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) as well as aflatoxin G1(AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) occur in the contaminated foods and feed. In the case of dairy ruminants, after the consumption of feed contaminated with aflatoxins, aflatoxin metabolites [aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2)] may appear in milk. Because of the health risk and the official maximum limits of aflatoxins, there is a need for application of fast and accurate testing methods. At present, there are several analytical methods applied in practice for determination of aflatoxins. The aim of this review is to provide a guide that summarizes worldwide aflatoxin regulations and analytical methods for determination of aflatoxins in different food and feed matrices, that helps in the decision to choose the most appropriate method that meets the practical requirements of fast and sensitive control of their contamination. Analytical options are outlined from the simplest and fastest methods with the smallest instrument requirements, through separation methods, to the latest hyphenated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Miklós
- Székesfehérvár Regional Food Chain Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | | | - Árpád Ambrus
- University of Debrecen Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valéria Kardos
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Zentai
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kerekes
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Farkas
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jóźwiak
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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Afsharmanesh H, Perez-Garcia A, Zeriouh H, Ahmadzadeh M, Romero D. Aflatoxin degradation by Bacillus subtilis UTB1 is based on production of an oxidoreductase involved in bacilysin biosynthesis. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Ok HE, Jung H, Lee SE, Peak O, Chun HS. Three liquid chromatographic methods for the analysis of aflatoxins in for different corn (Zea mays) matrices. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Farzaneh M, Shi ZQ, Ahmadzadeh M, Hu LB, Ghassempour A. Inhibition of the Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Contamination on Pistachio Nut by Fengycin and Surfactin-Producing Bacillus subtilis UTBSP1. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:209-215. [PMID: 27298596 PMCID: PMC4892817 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2015.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the treatment of pistachio nuts by Bacillus subtilis UTBSP1, a promising isolate to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), caused to reduce the growth of Aspergillus flavus R5 and AFB1 content on pistachio nuts. Fluorescence probes revealed that the cell free supernatant fluid from UTBSP1 affects spore viability considerably. Using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, 10 fractions were separated and collected from methanol extract of cell free supernatant fluid. Two fractions showed inhibition zones against A. flavus. Mass spectrometric analysis of the both antifungal fractions revealed a high similarity between these anti-A. flavus compounds and cyclic-lipopeptides of surfactin, and fengycin families. Coproduction of surfactin and fengycin acted in a synergistic manner and consequently caused a strong antifungal activity against A. flavus R5. There was a positive significant correlation between the reduction of A. flavus growth and the reduction of AFB1 contamination on pistachio nut by UTBSP1. The results indicated that fengycin and surfactin-producing B. subtilis UTBSP1 can potentially reduce A. flavus growth and AFB1 content in pistachio nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Farzaneh
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19835-389,
Iran
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
| | - Zhi-Qi Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
| | - Masoud Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Tehran, Karaj 4111,
Iran
| | - Liang-Bin Hu
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
- School of Food, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003,
China
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19835-389,
Iran
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López P, de Rijk T, Sprong R, Mengelers M, Castenmiller J, Alewijn M. A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part II – occurrence. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of 59 natural toxins was determined in 88 composite food and drink samples of a mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study performed in the Netherlands in 2013. Composite food samples were prepared by pooling foods from a food category (as consumed, e.g. peeled, cooked, etc.) according to their consumption by population groups in the Netherlands. A multi-targeted method based on QuEChERs extraction, dilute and shoot and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the 88 composite samples. Dedicated methods with lower detection limits for patulin, aflatoxins and trichothecenes were also applied to specific food types. Thirty samples (34%) were positive for one or more mycotoxins. Patulin, aflatoxin M1, zearalenone and plant toxins, with the exception of scopolamine in liquorice, were not detected in any of the composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 was only detected, but not at quantifiable levels, in the composites that contained peanuts. Fumonisin B1 was only found at 18 μg/kg in breakfast cereals consumed by the population group of 7-69 years, whereas ochratoxin A occurred at low levels around 1 μg/kg in liquorice, legumes and coffee. Grains and grain-based food composites were positive for ergot alkaloids, enniatins B and B1 and deoxynivalenol (DON). The levels of DON in the positive samples were lower compared to other studies, with the exception of breakfast cereals for infants with a DON concentration of 116 μg/kg. This specific composite sample may have contained an ingredient with a concentration exceeding the maximum legal limit of 200 μg/kg. Alternaria toxins (alternariol and alternariol methyl ether) were detected at levels ranging from 1.0 to 8.9 μg/kg in a number of composite samples, including tomato products, nuts, cereal products, chocolate and wine. Mycophenolic acid and roquefortine C cooccurred in mould-ripened cheese composites, while mycophenolic acid also was found in dried fruit and liquorice composite samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. López
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 123, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. de Rijk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 123, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R.C. Sprong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven; the Netherlands
| | - M.J.B. Mengelers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven; the Netherlands
| | - J.J.M. Castenmiller
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), P.O Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M. Alewijn
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 123, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Xie J, Peng T, He JL, Shao Y, Fan CL, Chen Y, Jiang WX, Chen M, Wang Q, Pei XY, Ding SY, Jiang HY. Preparation and characterization of an immunoaffinity column for the selective extraction of aflatoxin B1 in 13 kinds of foodstuffs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 998-999:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Busman M, Bobell JR, Maragos CM. Determination of the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from milk by direct analysis in real time – mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Analytical Procedures for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Eggs of Laying Hens Using Immunoaffinity Columns and Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Derivatisation and Fluorescence Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Hayward DG, Vaclavikova M, Liao CD, Trucksess MW. Determination of mycotoxins in milk-based products and infant formula using stable isotope dilution assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6265-6273. [PMID: 23746324 DOI: 10.1021/jf4018838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A stable isotope dilution assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of 12 mycotoxins, aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂, and M₁, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B₁, B₂, and B₃, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone, in milk-based infant formula and foods. Samples were fortified with 12 ¹³C uniformly labeled mycotoxins ([¹³C]-mycotoxins) that correspond to the 12 target mycotoxins and prepared by dilution and filtration, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Quantitation was achieved using the relative response factors of [¹³C]-mycotoxins and target mycotoxins. The average recoveries in fortified milk, milk-based infant formula, milk powder, and baby yogurt of aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, and G₂ (2, 10, and 50 μg/kg), aflatoxin M₁ (0.5, 2.5, and 12.5 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B₁, B₂, and B₃ (40, 200, and 1000 μg/kg), ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (20, 100, and 500 μg/kg), range from 89 to 126% with RSDs of <20%. The individual recoveries in the four fortified matrices range from 72% (fumonisin B₃, 20 μg/kg, milk-based infant formula) to 136% (T-2 toxin, 20 μg/kg, milk powder), with RSDs ranging from 2 to 25%. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were from 0.01 μg/kg (aflatoxin M₁) to 2 (fumonisin B₁) μg/kg. Aflatoxin M₁ was detected in two European Reference materials at 0.127 ± 0.013 μg/kg (certified value = 0.111 ± 0.018 μg/kg) and 0.46 ± 0.04 μg/kg (certified value = 0.44 ± 0.06 μg/kg), respectively. In 60 local market samples, aflatoxins B₁ (1.14 ± 0.10 μg/kg) and B₂ (0.20 ± 0.03 μg/kg) were detected in one milk powder sample. Aflatoxin M₁ was detected in three imported samples (condensed milk, milk-based infant formula, and table cream), ranging from 0.10 to 0.40 μg/kg. The validated method provides sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility to screen for aflatoxin M₁ at nanograms per kilogram concentrations and other mycotoxins, without using standard addition or matrix-matched calibration to compensate for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, HFS-706, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA.
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Multi-class method for determination of veterinary drug residues and other contaminants in infant formula by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 138:827-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Feizy J, Beheshti HR, Asadi M. A survey of aflatoxin in cotton seed in Iran by HPLC with on-line photochemical derivatisation and fluorescence detection. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2012; 5:200-3. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2012.696148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Li W, Herrman TJ, Dai SY. Determination of aflatoxins in animal feeds by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with isotope dilution. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1222-1230. [PMID: 21491528 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to develop a simple, fast method for detection of aflatoxins in animal feeds. Simultaneous quantitation of four aflatoxins (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1) and AFG(2)) in animal feeds was achieved in a single liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) run. The solid-phase extraction cleanup step is eliminated with the stable isotope dilution method. Matrix effects were observed and overcome by isotope dilution. The method was tested in a variety of animal feed matrices and proved to be accurate and reliable. Method ruggedness tests resulted in recoveries of 78% to 122% with an intra-day assay precision of 2% to 15% and an inter-day assay precision of 3% to 17%. These results indicate that this method is suitable for quantitation of aflatoxins in animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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13
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Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in baby foods and paprika by HPLC with fluorescence detection: A single-laboratory validation study. Talanta 2011; 83:1442-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Immunoaffinity column clean-up techniques in food analysis: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:115-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Shephard GS. Aflatoxin analysis at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1215-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ricci F, Pino F, Abagnale M, Messia M, Marconi E, Volpe G, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Direct electrochemical detection of trichothecenes in wheat samples using a 96-well electrochemical plate coupled with microwave hydrolysis. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of a 96-well electrochemical plate for the fast and sensitive detection of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat samples is shown. Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol are hydrolysed using a microwave hydrolysis procedure (2 min) which leads to the production of electroactive compounds that can be sensitively detected by the use of cheap screen-printed electrodes. A procedure of extraction with aqueous acetonitrile and a clean-up step was demonstrated to be suitable for the application with wheat samples providing suitable detection limit (LOD=1.1 µg/g) and working range (2-20 µg/g) for the determination of deoxynivalenol in cereals for feed consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Pino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Abagnale
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Messia
- DISTAAM, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via De Sanctis snc, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - E. Marconi
- DISTAAM, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via De Sanctis snc, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - G. Volpe
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - D. Moscone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - G. Palleschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Reiter E, Zentek J, Razzazi E. Review on sample preparation strategies and methods used for the analysis of aflatoxins in food and feed. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:508-24. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Sheibani A, Ghaziaskar HS. Pressurized fluid extraction for quantitative recovery of aflatoxins B1 and B2 from pistachio. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tavčar-Kalcher G, Vrtač K, Pestevšek U, Vengušt A. Validation of the procedure for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in animal liver using immunoaffinity columns and liquid chromatography with postcolumn derivatisation and fluorescence detection. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liau BC, Jong TT, Lee MR, Chang CMJ. Supercritical fluid extraction and quantification of aflatoxins in Zizyphi Fructus by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:667-73. [PMID: 17279608 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An integrated method combining supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS/MS) was developed and successfully applied to quantify aflatoxins (AFs) in Zizyphi Fructus (fruits of Zizyphus jujube), a traditional Chinese medicine. To minimize the potential interferences caused by the complex matrix in Zizyphi Fructus, a SFE pretreatment was performed. In addition, electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) spectra were also compared. The results showed that the calibration curves of AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2) were all linear over the range of concentration from 1 to 50 ng/g, the squared correlation coefficients (r(2)) were over 0.995, and the detection limits of the method were between 0.17 and 0.32 ng/g. It showed high recovery and good precision in quantitating AFs in Zizyphi Fructus without further clean-up. Further, fragmentation pathways of protonated AFs in APCI-MS/MS were clearly proposed which could predict the existence of AFB or AFG series. To test the empirical validity of the proposed methodology in this paper, eight random samples of Zizyphi Fructus collected from supermarkets and traditional Chinese medicine stores in different geographical areas of Taiwan were analyzed. The results indicated that low levels of AFs were detected in only one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Chung Liau
- National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Chemistry, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Arranz I, Stroka J, Neugebauer M. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in tiger nut-based soft drinks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:305-8. [PMID: 16517532 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500415652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in a tiger nut-based soft drinks named 'horchata' is described. The method is based on an immunoaffinity clean-up, followed by HPLC separation and fluorescence detection after electrochemical post-column derivatization. The detection limit (S/N = 3) and the quantification limit (S/N = 10) were 0.02 and 0.06 microg kg(-1), respectively. The mean recovery at a level of 2 microg l(-1) was 88% (n = 6) and the coefficient of variation was 9%. The method was applied to conduct a small market survey for a beverage named 'horchata' that is frequently consumed by parts of the population in Southern Europe. Twenty-two samples from Spanish and Belgian supermarkets were analysed. As a result, only one sample was found to contain aflatoxin B1 at the limit of quantitation of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arranz
- Food Safety & Quality Unit, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg, B-2440 Geel, Belgium.
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Tam J, Mankotia M, Mably M, Pantazopoulos P, Neil RJ, Calway P, Scott PM. Survey of breakfast and infant cereals for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1and G2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:693-9. [PMID: 16751146 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600627230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and forty-nine breakfast and infant cereal samples were collected at retail level across Canada from 2002 to 2005. They included rice-, soy-, barley-based and mixed-grain infant cereals, corn-, wheat-, rice-based and mixed-grain breakfast cereals, and were analysed for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 using a modified AOAC International official method. An immunoaffinity column was used for the cleanup and purification of extracts. Determination of aflatoxins was by LC using post-column derivatization with pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide and fluorescence detection. Results indicated that 50% of both breakfast and infant cereals had detectable levels (limit of detection = 0.002 ng g-1) of aflatoxin B1, which is the most toxic of the four toxins. The levels found varied from 0.002 to 1.00 ng g-1 for aflatoxin B1, from 0.002 to 0.14 ng g-1 for aflatoxin B2, from 0.008 to 0.27 ng g-1 for aflatoxin G1, and from 0.008 to 0.048 ng g-1 for aflatoxin G2. Only 4% of the breakfast cereals and 1% of the infant cereals had aflatoxin B1 levels exceeding 0.1 ng g-1, which is the European Union maximum limit for aflatoxin B1 in baby foods and processed cereal-based foods for infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tam
- Food Laboratories Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2301 Midland Avenue, Scarborough, Ontario M1P 4R7, Canada
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Garcia-Villanova RJ, Cordón C, González Paramás AM, Aparicio P, Garcia Rosales ME. Simultaneous immunoaffinity column cleanup and HPLC analysis of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Spanish bee pollen. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7235-7239. [PMID: 15563200 DOI: 10.1021/jf048882z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bee pollen is a major substrate for mycotoxins growth when no prompt and adequate drying is performed by the beekeeper after collection by bees. Regulatory limits for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are currently in force in the European Union for a rising list of foodstuffs, but not for this. An immunoaffinity column cleanup process has been applied prior to the analysis of aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1), and G(2) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Optimization of the HPLC conditions has involved both a gradient elution and a wavelength program for the separation and fluorimetric quantitation of all five mycotoxins at their maximum excitation and emission values of wavelength in a single run. The higher limit of detection (mug/kg) was 0.49 for OTA and 0.20 for aflatoxin B(1). Repeatability (RSDr) at the lower limit tested ranged from 9.85% for OTA to 6.23% for aflatoxin G(2), and recoveries also at the lower spiked level were 73% for OTA and 81% for aflatoxin B(1). None of the 20 samples assayed showed quantifiable values for the five mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J Garcia-Villanova
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Schneider E, Curtui V, Seidler C, Dietrich R, Usleber E, Märtlbauer E. Rapid methods for deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes. Toxicol Lett 2004; 153:113-21. [PMID: 15342088 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Method development for deoxynivalenol (DON) and other trichothecenes in recent years was driven by the analytical necessities arising from its widespread (and increasing) occurrence in foods and feeds. This has resulted in the establishment of guideline levels for animal feed, tolerable daily intake (TDI) levels for humans, and most importantly, in the prospect of low-tolerance levels for these toxins in foods in the near future. In order to ensure reliable determination of the toxin content at the tolerance levels, routine analytical methods must have detection limits of less than the tolerance level. This paper intends to give an overview of current analytical developments of rapid testing for deoxynivalenol and other trichothecene mycotoxins, with a special focus on antibody-based techniques. This includes high-throughput instrumental analysis for the laboratory environment, as well as rapid visual tests for on-site testing. The applicability of rapid tests within an integrated detection system for mycotoxins in foods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schneider
- Dairy Science, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig University, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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Grosso F, Fremy JM, Bevis S, Dragacci S. Joint IDF-IUPAC-IAEA(FAO) interlaboratory validation for determining aflatoxin M1 in milk by using immunoaffinity clean-up before thin-layer chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:348-57. [PMID: 15204559 DOI: 10.1080/02652030410001662048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted under the auspices of the International Dairy Federation (IDF), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), a collaborative Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) body fully to validate a method combining immunoaffinity clean-up to thin-layer chromatography for the determination of aflatoxin M(1) in milk. Work was done in order to afford those laboratories not equipped with high-performance liquid chromatography, mainly from developing countries, with a simplified but fully validated method as an alternative to the European validated immunoaffinity-high performance liquid chromatography method published as an EN ISO Standard 14501, February 1999. The validation study was carried out on samples of aflatoxin M(1)-contaminated milk and milk powder at levels close to the tolerable level of 0.5 microg l(-1) as recommended by the Codex Alimentarius and to the regulatory level of 0.05 microg l(-1) as laid down by the European Commission. Fourteen laboratories representing 11 countries participated in the trial. The relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility based on raw data were in the range 27-48 and 35-54%, respectively. The recovery rate varied from 32 to 120%. The mishandling of two crucial steps of the protocol such as matrix sample reconstitution and extract evaporation could explain the wide variation of the recovery rate. For this reason, data were then corrected for recovery. Consequently, the relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility were recalculated after correction for recovery and were in the range 26-54 and 34-53%, respectively. The method will be published as a standard ISO/DIS 14674--IDF 190.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grosso
- Agence Français de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Microbial Toxins Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Badea M, Micheli L, Messia MC, Candigliota T, Marconi E, Mottram T, Velasco-Garcia M, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Aflatoxin M1 determination in raw milk using a flow-injection immunoassay system. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lombaert GA, Pellaers P, Roscoe V, Mankotia M, Neil R, Scott PM. Mycotoxins in infant cereal foods from the Canadian retail market. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:494-504. [PMID: 12775469 DOI: 10.1080/0265203031000094645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and sixty-three samples of cereal-based infant foods were collected from the Canadian retail marketplace over 3 years. The samples included oat-, barley-, soy-, and rice-based infant cereals, mixed-grain infant cereals, teething biscuits, creamed corn, and soy-based formulas. Samples were analysed for targeted mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, fumonisins B(1) and B(2), and five ergot alkaloids). Soy-based cereals (which usually contain corn) exhibited the highest incidences of deoxynivalenol (100%), zearalenone (46%) and fumonisins (75%). Overall, deoxynivalenol was the most frequently detected mycotoxin--it was detected in 63% of samples analysed. Survey results demonstrated the regular occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in cereal-based infant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Lombaert
- Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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von Holst C, Stroka J, Anklam E. Correction of analytical results for recovery: a comparison of the method performance characteristics from recent collaborative trials studies for aflatoxin quantification using conventional and robust statistics. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:701-8. [PMID: 12227933 DOI: 10.1080/02652030210136982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Results from recently conducted collaborative trials on the determination of aflatoxin B(1) in various matrices have been evaluated to establish whether the use of recovery data would result in a distinct change of the relative between-laboratory standard deviation (RSD(R)) of the corrected data compared with the uncorrected data. In addition, we applied conventional and robust statistics to evaluate whether the impact of the use of recovery data on the estimation of RSD(R) depended on the statistical method applied for data analysis. This investigation was based on means before and after correction for recovery. The method performance characteristics were calculated using results from naturally contaminated test materials, while the results from test materials fortified with the target analytes were used to estimate the recovery. The study revealed that applying conventional and robust statistics in general led to comparable estimates for RSD(R). The comparison about the use of recovery data showed that in most cases, the RSD(R) obtained from the analysis of aflatoxin B(1) decreased after correction of the results for recovery. This tendency was similar when the comparison was done using robust or conventional statistics. However, in three cases, conventional statistics yielded a higher RSD(R) for the corrected data, whereas robust statistics showed the opposite. Looking carefully at the data, the treatment of conventional statistics indicated that the way outliers are detected and removed could result in an under- or overestimation of RSD(R). Applying the law of error propagation revealed that most likely the correlation between the uncorrected data and the recovery rate led to a reduced variability of the data corrected for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Holst
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, I-21020 Ispra, Italy.
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Gilbert J, Anklam E. Validation of analytical methods for determining mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Trends Analyt Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(02)00604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Anklam E, Stroka J, Boenke A. Acceptance of analytical methods for implementation of EU legislation with a focus on mycotoxins. Food Control 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0956-7135(01)00098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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