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Lhaaso Collaboration. An ultrahigh-energy γ-ray bubble powered by a super PeVatron. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:449-457. [PMID: 38171961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We report the detection of a γ-ray bubble spanning at least 100deg2 in ultra-high energy (UHE) up to a few PeV in the direction of the star-forming region Cygnus X, implying the presence super PeVatron(s) accelerating protons to at least 10 PeV. A log-parabola form with the photon index Γ(E)=(2.71±0.02)+(0.11±0.02)×log10(E/10TeV) is found fitting the gamma-ray energy spectrum of the bubble well. UHE sources, "hot spots" correlated with very massive molecular clouds, and a quasi-spherical amorphous γ-ray emitter with a sharp central brightening are observed in the bubble. In the core of ∼0.5°, spatially associating with a region containing massive OB association (Cygnus OB2) and a microquasar (Cygnus X-3), as well as previously reported multi-TeV sources, an enhanced concentration of UHE γ-rays is observed with 2 photons at energies above 1 PeV. The general feature of the bubble, the morphology, and the energy spectrum, are reasonably reproduced by the assumption of a particle accelerator in the core, continuously injecting protons into the ambient medium.
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Supanitsky AD. Determination of the Cosmic-Ray Chemical Composition: Open Issues and Prospects. Galaxies 2022; 10:75. [DOI: 10.3390/galaxies10030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cosmic rays are relativistic particles that come to the Earth from outer space. Despite a great effort made in both experimental and theoretical research, their origin is still unknown. One of the main keys to understand their nature is the determination of its chemical composition as a function of primary energy. In this paper, we review the measurements of the mass composition above 1015 eV. We first summarize the main aspects of air shower physics that are relevant in composition analyses. We discuss the composition measurements made by using optical, radio, and surface detectors and the limitations imposed by current high-energy hadronic interaction models that are used to interpret the experimental data. We also review the photons and neutrinos searches conducted in different experiments, which, in addition to being important to understand the nature of cosmic rays, can provide relevant information related to the abundance of heavy or light elements in the flux at the highest energies. Finally, we summarize the future composition measurements that are currently being planned or under development.
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Kang D, Apel W, Arteaga-Velázquez J, Bekk K, Bertaina M, Blümer J, Bozdog H, Brancus I, Cantoni E, Chiavassa A, Cossavella F, Daumiller K, de Souza V, Di Pierro F, Doll P, Engel R, Fuhrmann D, Gherghel-Lascu A, Gils H, Glasstetter R, Grupen C, Haungs A, Heck D, Hörandel J, Huber D, Huege T, Kampert KH, Klages H, Link K, Łuczak P, Mathes H, Mayer H, Milke J, Mitrica B, Morello C, Oehlschläger J, Ostapchenko S, Palmieri N, Pierog T, Rebel H, Roth M, Schieler H, Schoo S, Schröder F, Sima O, Toma G, Trinchero G, Ulrich H, Weindl A, Wochele J, Zabierowski J. Recent results from the KASCADE-Grande data analysis. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920804005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KASCADE, together with its extension KASCADE-Grande measured individual air showers of cosmic rays in the primary energy range of 100 TeV to 1 EeV. The data collection was fully completed at the end of 2013 and the experiment was dismantled. However, the data analysis is still in progress. Recently, we published a new result on upper limits to the flux of ultra-high energy gamma rays, which set constraints on some fundamental astrophysical models. We also use the data to investigate the validity of the new hadronic interactions models like SIBYLL version 2.3c or EPOS-LHC. In addition, we updated and improved the webbased platform of the KASCADE Cosmic Ray Data Centre (KCDC), where now the data from KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande of more than 20 years measurements is available, including corresponding Monte-Carlo simulated events based on three different hadronic interaction models. In this contribution, recent results from KASCADE-Grande and the update of KCDC is briefly discussed.
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Chiavassa A, Apel W, Arteaga-Velázquez J, Bekk K, Bertaina M, Blümer J, Bozdog H, Brancus I, Cantoni E, Cossavella F, Daumiller K, de Souza V, Di Pierro F, Doll P, Engel R, Fuhrmann D, Gherghel-Lascu A, Gils H, Glasstetter R, Grupen C, Haungs A, Heck D, Hörandel J, Huber D, Huege T, Kampert KH, Kang D, Klages H, Link K, Łuczak P, Mathes H, Mayer H, Milke J, Mitrica B, Morello C, Oehlschläger J, Ostapchenko S, Palmieri N, Pierog T, Rebel H, Roth M, Schieler H, Schoo S, Schröder F, Sima O, Toma G, Trinchero G, Ulrich H, Weindl A, Wochele J, Zabierowski J. Summary of the main results of the KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande experiments. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920803002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande experiments operated in KIT-Campus North, Karlsruhe (Germany) from 1993 to 2012. The two experiments studied primary cosmic rays in the energy range from 1014 eV to 1018 eV, investigating the change of slope of the spectrum detected at 2 - 4 × 1015 eV, the so called knee. We briefly review the performance of the experiments and then the main results obtained in the operation of both experiments: the test of hadronic interaction models, the all particle primary spectrum, the elemental composition of primary cosmic rays (with the first claim of a knee-like feature of the heavy primaries spectrum) and the search for large scale anisotropies.
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Abstract
Cosmic ray in the 1015–1018 eV energy range can only be detected with ground based experiments, sampling Extensive Air Showers (EAS) particles. The interest in this energetic interval is related to the search of the knee of the iron component of cosmic ray and to the study of the transition between galactic and extra-galactic primaries. The energy and mass calibration of these arrays can only be performed with complete EAS simulations as no sources are available for an absolute calibration. The systematic error on the energy assignment can be estimated around 30 ± 10%. The all particle spectrum measured in this energy range is more structured than previously thought, showing some faint features: a hardening slightly above 1016 eV and a steepening below 1017 eV. The studies of the primary chemical composition are quickly evolving towards the measurements of the primary spectra of different mass groups: up to now we are able to separate (on a event by event basis) light and heavy primaries. Above the knee a steepening of the heavy primary spectrum and a hardening of the light ones have been detected.
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Arteaga-Velázquez J, Rivera-Rangel D, Apel W, Bekk K, Bertaina M, Blümer J, Bozdog H, Brancus I, Cantoni E, Chiavassa A, Cossavella F, Daumiller K, Souza VD, Pierro FD, Doll P, Engel R, Fuhrmann D, Gherghel-Lascu A, Gils H, Glasstetter R, Grupen C, Haungs A, Heck D, Hörandel J, Huege T, Kampert K, Kang D, Klages H, Link K, Łuczak P, Mathes H, Mayer H, Milke J, Mitrica B, Morello C, Oehlschläger J, Ostapchenko S, Pierog T, Rebel H, Roth M, Schieler H, Schoo S, Schröder F, Sima O, Toma G, Trinchero G, Ulrich H, Weindl A, Wochele J, Zabierowski J. Tests of the SIBYLL 2.3 high-energy hadronic interaction model using the KASCADE-Grande muon data. EPJ Web of Conferences 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201817207003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The KASCADE-Grande observatory was a ground-based air shower array dedicated to study the energy and composition of cosmic rays in the energy interval E = 1 PeV –1 EeV. The experiment consisted of different detector systems which allowed the simultaneous measurement of distinct components of air showers (EAS), such as the muon content. In this contribution, we study the total muon number and the lateral density distribution of muons in EAS detected by KASCADE-Grande as a function of the zenith angle and the total number of charged particles. The attenuation length of the muon content of EAS is also measured. The results are compared with the predictions of the SIBYLL 2.3 high-energy hadronic interaction model.
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Huege T, Bray JD, Buitink S, Butler D, Dallier R, Ekers RD, Enßlin T, Falcke H, Haungs A, James CW, Martin L, Mitra P, Mulrey K, Nelles A, Revenu B, Scholten O, Schröder FG, Tingay S, Winchen T, Zilles A. Ultimate precision in cosmic-ray radio detection — the SKA. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201713502003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Schröder FG, Bezyazeekov PA, Budnev NM, Fedorov O, Gress OA, Haungs A, Hiller R, Huege T, Kazarina Y, Kleifges M, Korosteleva EE, Kostunin D, Krömer O, Kungel V, Kuzmichev LA, Lubsandorzhiev N, Mirgazov RR, Monkhoev R, Osipova EA, Pakhorukov A, Pankov L, Prosin V, Rubtsov GI, Wischnewski R, Zagorodnikov A. Tunka-Rex: Status, Plans, and Recent Results. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201713501003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lagutin A, Volkov N, Tyumentsev A, Raikin R. Particle spectra and mass composition in the ultra-high energy region in the framework of the Galactic origin of cosmic rays. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201714506004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Haungs A, Apel W, Arteaga-Velázquez J, Bekk K, Bertaina M, Blümer J, Bozdog H, Brancus I, Cantoni E, Chiavassa A, Cossavella F, Daumiller K, Souza VD, Pierro FD, Doll P, Engel R, Fuhrmann D, Gherghel-Lascu A, Gils H, Glasstetter R, Grupen C, Heck D, Hörandel J, Huege T, Kampert KH, Kang D, Klages H, Link K, Łuczak P, Mathes H, Mayer H, Milke J, Mitrica B, Morello C, Oehlschläger J, Ostapchenko S, Pierog T, Rebel H, Roth M, Schieler H, Schoo S, Schröder F, Sima O, Toma G, Trinchero G, Ulrich H, Weindl A, Wochele J, Zabierowski J. KASCADE-Grande: Composition studies in the view of the post-LHC hadronic interaction models. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201714513001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Buitink S, Corstanje A, Falcke H, Hörandel JR, Huege T, Nelles A, Rachen JP, Rossetto L, Schellart P, Scholten O, ter Veen S, Thoudam S, Trinh TNG, Anderson J, Asgekar A, Avruch IM, Bell ME, Bentum MJ, Bernardi G, Best P, Bonafede A, Breitling F, Broderick JW, Brouw WN, Brüggen M, Butcher HR, Carbone D, Ciardi B, Conway JE, de Gasperin F, de Geus E, Deller A, Dettmar R, van Diepen G, Duscha S, Eislöffel J, Engels D, Enriquez JE, Fallows RA, Fender R, Ferrari C, Frieswijk W, Garrett MA, Grießmeier JM, Gunst AW, van Haarlem MP, Hassall TE, Heald G, Hessels JWT, Hoeft M, Horneffer A, Iacobelli M, Intema H, Juette E, Karastergiou A, Kondratiev VI, Kramer M, Kuniyoshi M, Kuper G, van Leeuwen J, Loose GM, Maat P, Mann G, Markoff S, Mcfadden R, Mckay-bukowski D, Mckean JP, Mevius M, Mulcahy DD, Munk H, Norden MJ, Orru E, Paas H, Pandey-pommier M, Pandey VN, Pietka M, Pizzo R, Polatidis AG, Reich W, Röttgering HJA, Scaife AMM, Schwarz DJ, Serylak M, Sluman J, Smirnov O, Stappers BW, Steinmetz M, Stewart A, Swinbank J, Tagger M, Tang Y, Tasse C, Toribio MC, Vermeulen R, Vocks C, Vogt C, van Weeren RJ, Wijers RAMJ, Wijnholds SJ, Wise MW, Wucknitz O, Yatawatta S, Zarka P, Zensus JA. A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 1017–1017.5 electronvolts from radio observations. Nature 2016; 531:70-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature16976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The latest IceCube data suggest that the all-flavor cosmic neutrino flux may be as large as 10^{-7} GeV cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1} around 30 TeV. We show that, if sources of the TeV-PeV neutrinos are transparent to γ rays with respect to two-photon annihilation, strong tensions with the isotropic diffuse γ-ray background measured by Fermi are unavoidable, independently of the production mechanism. We further show that, if the IceCube neutrinos have a photohadronic (pγ) origin, the sources are expected to be opaque to 1-100 GeV γ rays. With these general multimessenger arguments, we find that the latest data suggest a population of cosmic-ray accelerators hidden in GeV-TeV γ rays as a neutrino origin. Searches for x-ray and MeV γ-ray counterparts are encouraged, and TeV-PeV neutrinos themselves will serve as special probes of dense source environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Murase
- Center for Particle and Gravitational Astrophysics; Department of Physics; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Dafne Guetta
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
- Department of Physics and Optical Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel 21982, Israel
| | - Markus Ahlers
- Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC) and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Bertaina M. Extensive Air Showers and Cosmic Ray Physics above 10 17eV. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016; 120:04002. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201612004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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Chiavassa A. Cosmic ray measurements around the knee. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201612103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Blasi P. Galactic cosmic rays. EPJ Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201510500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Arteaga-Velázquez J, Apel W, Bekk K, Bertaina M, Blümer J, Bozdog H, Brancus I, Cantoni E, Chiavassa A, Cossavella F, Daumiller K, Souza VD, Pierro FD, Doll P, Engel R, Engler J, Fuchs B, Fuhrmann D, Gherghel-Lascu A, Gils H, Glasstetter R, Grupen C, Haungs A, Heck D, Hörandel J, Huber D, Huege T, Kampert KH, Kang D, Klages H, Link K, Łuczak P, Mathes H, Mayer H, Milke J, Mitrica B, Morello C, Oehlschläger J, Ostapchenko S, Palmieri N, Petcu M, Pierog T, Rebel H, Roth M, Schieler H, Schoo S, Schröder F, Sima O, Toma G, Trinchero G, Ulrich H, Weindl A, Wochele J, Zabierowski J. Confronting the EPOS-LHC model predictions on the charged particle and muon attenuation lengths of EAS with the measurements of the KASCADE-Grande observatory. EPJ Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20159912002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dado S, Dar A. Origin of the high energy cosmic neutrino background. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:191102. [PMID: 25415894 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.191102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The diffuse background of very high energy extraterrestrial neutrinos recently discovered with IceCube is compatible with that expected from cosmic ray interactions in the Galactic interstellar medium plus that expected from hadronic interactions near the source and in the intergalactic medium of the cosmic rays which have been accelerated by the jets that produce gamma ray bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Dado
- Department of Physics and Space Research Institute, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Arnon Dar
- Department of Physics and Space Research Institute, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
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