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Tabolacci C, De Vita D, Facchiano A, Bozzuto G, Beninati S, Failla CM, Di Martile M, Lintas C, Mischiati C, Stringaro A, Del Bufalo D, Facchiano F. Phytochemicals as Immunomodulatory Agents in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032657. [PMID: 36768978 PMCID: PMC9916941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an immunogenic highly heterogenic tumor characterized by poor outcomes when it is diagnosed late. Therefore, immunotherapy in combination with other anti-proliferative approaches is among the most effective weapons to control its growth and metastatic dissemination. Recently, a large amount of published reports indicate the interest of researchers and clinicians about plant secondary metabolites as potentially useful therapeutic tools due to their lower presence of side effects coupled with their high potency and efficacy. Published evidence was reported in most cases through in vitro studies but also, with a growing body of evidence, through in vivo investigations. Our aim was, therefore, to review the published studies focused on the most interesting phytochemicals whose immunomodulatory activities and/or mechanisms of actions were demonstrated and applied to melanoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Bozzuto
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Lintas
- Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annarita Stringaro
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Zieri R, Franco-Belussi L, Oliveira CDE. Short-term effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in three distinct melanin-pigmented cell types of Anura. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20211581. [PMID: 36946809 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320211581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectothermic animals present melanin-containing cells in their integument and viscera. Besides cutaneous melanophores, amphibians have melanomacrophages in the hepatic parenchyma and melanocytes in the viscera, which are also present in their testicular stroma. The native melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is the main hormone that modulates the color change in melanophores. However, we still know too little about how the α-MSH acts in vivo on visceral melanin-containing cells. In this study, we collected 30 adult males of Physalaemus nattereri (Anura, Leptodactylidae) to evaluate the short-term effects of α-MSH on melanophores, melanocytes and melanomacrophages under light microscopy. For this, we injected 0.05 ml of a single intraperitoneal dose containing 2.5x10-7 mmol/10g of α-MSH, diluted in ringer solution, in five experimental groups with five individuals each one. The different groups were analyzed after 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24h. The control group with five other individuals received only 0.05 ml of ringer solution. The skin pigmentation increased quickly after animals received the hormone α-MSH with the consequent darkening of the body (body darkness). Melanophores, melanocytes and melanomacrophages responded similarly to the test, with an increase in the area containing melanin. However, melanophores and melanomacrophages reached their darkest pigmentation in a shorter period of time in comparison to the testicular melanocytes, probably due to specific metabolic characteristics of each organ. Thus, we verified that the three types of cells, although present in different organs, are responsive to the native hormone α-MSH, which enables us to treat them as a pigmentary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zieri
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo/IFSP, Laboratório de Zoologia e Anatomia Animal Comparada, Avenida C-Um, 250, 14781-502 Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul/UFMS, Laboratório de Patologia Experimental (LAPEx), Instituto de Biociências, s/n, Universitário, 79002-970 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Classius DE Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/IBILCE/UNESP, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Anatomia Comparativa, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Zhong ZM, Zhang J, Tang BG, Yu FF, Lu YS, Hou G, Chen JY, Du ZX. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of the immune response to light stress in the hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀). Animal 2022; 16:100448. [PMID: 35065313 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light intensity is an important environmental factor that affects fish growth and health through multiple physiological activities and metabolism and eventually impacts aquaculture harvest. There is a need to evaluate the fish stress response to light intensities, which will benefit aquaculture. Here, hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) was treated with three light intensities for evaluation of the light stress response, including high light intensity (1 250 lx), low light intensity (10 lx) and moderate light intensity (250 lx). Transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 71 318 unigene sequences were obtained with an N50 of 2 589 bp. Compared to the control group (250 lx), 1 697 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), a considerable quantity, were detected in the 1 250 lx group. Among those genes, 548 were upregulated, and the remaining 149 genes showed decreased expression. Comparatively small numbers of DEGs were detected in the 10 lx group; 54 out of 103 genes exhibited upregulated expression, and 49 genes showed downregulation. For further KEGG analysis, 82 DEGs were enriched in nine common signalling pathways in immunity, of which 73 DEGs were significantly inhibited in the 1 250 lx group. In contrast, only 11 DEGs were enriched in three immunity pathways, with nine DEGs showing a significant increase in the 10 lx group. The metabolome analysis revealed 59 and 44 differential metabolites (DMs) from the 1 250 lx and 10 lx groups, respectively. Of note, those DMs from the 1 250 lx-treated group were tendentiously involved in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism pathways, while the purine metabolism, amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism pathways were mostly found in the 10 lx treatment group. In summary, our data indicated that high light intensity significantly inhibited the immune response in hybrid grouper, while low light intensity presented low stimulation of immune activity. In addition, both high and low light intensity could inhibit protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, hybrid grouper exhibited a much milder stress response to low light intensity than to high light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Zhong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - J Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524006, China
| | - B G Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524006, China
| | - F F Yu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524006, China.
| | - Y S Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - G Hou
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - J Y Chen
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Z X Du
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
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Bilandžija H, Abraham L, Ma L, Renner KJ, Jeffery WR. Behavioural changes controlled by catecholaminergic systems explain recurrent loss of pigmentation in cavefish. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0243. [PMID: 29720416 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cave populations of the teleost Astyanax mexicanus have repeatedly reduced or lost eye and body pigmentation during adaptation to dark caves. Albinism, the complete absence of melanin pigmentation, is controlled by loss-of-function mutations in the oca2 gene. The mutation is accompanied by an increase in the melanin synthesis precursor l-tyrosine, which is also a precursor for catecholamine synthesis. In this study, we show a relationship between pigmentation loss, enhanced catecholamine synthesis and responsiveness to anaesthesia, determined as a proxy for catecholamine-related behaviours. We demonstrate that anaesthesia resistance (AR) is enhanced in multiple depigmented and albino cavefish (CF), inversely proportional to the degree of pigmentation loss, controlled by the oca2 gene, and can be modulated by experimental manipulations of l-tyrosine or the catecholamine norepinephrine (NE). Moreover, NE is increased in the brains of multiple albino and depigmented CF relative to surface fish. The results provide new insights into the evolution of pigment modification because NE controls a suite of adaptive behaviours similar to AR that may represent a target of natural selection. Thus, understanding the relationship between loss of pigmentation and AR may provide insight into the role of natural selection in the evolution of albinism via a melanin-catecholamine trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bilandžija
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lindsey Abraham
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kenneth J Renner
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - William R Jeffery
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Niksirat H, Steinbach C. Ultracytochemical visualization of calcium distribution in heart cells and erythrocytes of zebrafish Danio rerio. Micron 2018; 111:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Liu ZP, Gu WB, Tu DD, Zhu QH, Zhou YL, Wang C, Wang LZ, Shu MA. Effects of both cold and heat stresses on the liver of giant spiny frog Quasipaa spinosa: stress response and histological changes. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.186379. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature associated stress can affect the normal physiological functions in ectotherms. To assess the effects of cold or heat stress on amphibians, the giant spiny frogs, Quasipaa spinosa, were acclimated at 22 °C followed by being treated at 5 °C or 30 °C for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Histological alterations, apoptotic index, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidant activity indices and stress-response gene expressions in frog livers were subsequently determined. Results showed that many fat droplets appeared after 12 h of heat stress. Percentage of melanomacrophages centres significantly changed during 48 h at both stress conditions. Furthermore, the mitochondrial ROS levels were elevated in a time-dependent manner up to 6 h and 12 h in the cold and heat stress groups, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were successively increased along the cold or heat exposure, and most of their gene expression levels showed similar changes at both stress conditions. Most tested HSP genes were sensitive to temperature exposure, and the expression profiles of most apoptosis-related genes was significantly up-regulated at 3 and 48 h under cold and heat stress, respectively. Apoptotic index at 48 h under cold stress was significantly higher than that under heat stress. Notably, lipid droplets, HSP30, HSP70 and HSP110 might be suitable bioindicators of heat stress. The results of these alterations at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels might contribute to a better understanding of the stress response of Q. spinosa and even amphibians under thermal stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Peng Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bin Gu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Hui Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lian Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Zhi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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Arciuli M, Fiocco D, Fontana S, Arena MP, Frassanito MA, Gallone A. Administration of a polyphenol-enriched feed to farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Kidney melanomacrophages response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 68:404-410. [PMID: 28743629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcement of the defense mechanism of fish, through the administration of immunostimulants, is considered as a promising alternative to vaccines. Natural immunostimulants such as polyphenols, flavanoids, pigments and essential oils can modulate the innate immune response. In lower vertebrates, melano-macrophage centres, i.e. clusters of pigment-containing cells forming the extracutaneous pigment system, are wide-spread in the stroma of the haemopoietic tissue, mainly in kidney and spleen. In fishes, melano-macrophage centres play an important role in the immune response against antigenic stimulants and pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a polyphenol-enriched diet on the health status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Farmed sea bass were administered a feed containing a phytocomplex, rich in catechins and epigallocatechins, which was obtained from the seeds of Canosina Nero di Troia Vitis vinifera and mixed with conventional feed at two different concentrations. The effects of such a diet were investigated in juvenile and commercial size samples, i.e. undergoing a short- and long-term period of diet, respectively, focusing on their extracutaneous pigmentary system and, in more detail, on the enzymatic activities leading to melanin biosynthesis. Our results show that prolonged dietary treatments with higher concentration of polyphenols might modulate tyrosinase activity and gene expression in commercial size fishes. An increase of melano-macrophage activity is correlated to a stimulation of cytoprotective functions against antigenic stimulants and pathogens, as an expression of a robust and protective adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Pia Arena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Anna Gallone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy.
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Franco-Belussi L, de Oliveira C. The spleen of Physalaemus nattereri (Amphibia: Anura): morphology, melanomacrophage pigment compounds and responses to α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2016.1194488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Franco-Belussi
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C. de Oliveira
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Wen CM. Development and characterization of a cell line from tilapia head kidney with melanomacrophage characteristics. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 49:442-449. [PMID: 26806163 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel cell line THK, derived from the tilapia head kidney, was developed and characterized. The THK cell line comprised fibroblastoid cells that markedly proliferated in Leibovitz L-15 medium containing 2%-15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 20 °C-35 °C. Cell proliferation was dependent on the FBS concentration, and the optimal temperature for proliferation ranged between 25 °C and 30 °C. THK cells were characterized for the presence of phagocytic activity, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, α-naphthyl acetate esterase, lipofuscin, and tyrosinase. Transcripts of CD33, CD53, CD82, CD205, macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor, GATA2, and GATA3 that are specific for leucocytes or monocytes/macrophages or both were detected in the THK cells through PCR. However, THK cells lacked for CD83, a specific marker for dendritic cells. The results indicated that the fibroblastoid THK cells were melanomacrophage-related progenitors. PCR revealed that the THK cells exhibited the transcripts of toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2, TLR3, and CD200, of which concern with immunity as well as the transcripts of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3, angiomotin, and angiopoietin-like protein 2 that associate with angiogenesis regulation and macrophage proliferation. THK cells were subcultured more than 90 times and can be useful for investigating the development and functioning of the teleostean innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ming Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Arciuli M, Brunetti A, Fiocco D, Zacchino V, Centoducati G, Aloi A, Tommasi R, Santeramo A, De Nitto E, Gallone A. A multidisciplinary study of the extracutaneous pigment system of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). A possible relationship between kidney disease and dopa oxidase activity level. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 42:184-192. [PMID: 25449383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases and breeding conditions can influence fish health status. Furthermore it is well known that human and animal health are strongly correlated. In lower vertebrates melano-macrophage centres, clusters of pigment-containing cells forming the extracutaneous pigment system, are widespread in the stroma of the haemopoietic tissue, mainly in kidney and spleen. In fishes, melano-macrophage centres play an important role in the immune response against antigenic stimulants and pathogens. Hence, they are employed as biomarker of fish health status. We have investigated this cell system in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) following the enzyme activities involved in melanin biosynthesis. We have found a possible relationship between kidney disease of farmed fishes and dopa oxidase activity level, suggesting it as an indicator of kidney disease. Moreover variations of dopa oxidase activity in extracutaneous pigment system have been observed with respect to environmental temperature. At last, for the first time, using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (Femto-TA), we pointed out that pigment-containing cells of fish kidney tissue present melanin pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy.
| | - Adalberto Brunetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Medical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valentina Zacchino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Gerardo Centoducati
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Antonio Aloi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Raffaele Tommasi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Arcangela Santeramo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Nitto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Anna Gallone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy.
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Larsen HAS, Austbø L, König M, Sørum H, Rimstad E, Koppang EO. Transcription of the tyrosinase gene family in an Atlantic salmon leukocyte cell line (SHK-1) is influenced by temperature, but not by virus infection or bacterin stimulation. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 41:50-58. [PMID: 23562574 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to address putative links between the immune and pigmentary systems. A pigment-producing leukocyte-like cell-line (SHK-1 cells) of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was exposed to different temperatures, poly I:C, bacterin or infected with virus (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus or infectious salmon anaemia virus). The effect of this stimulation regarding the transcription-pattern of the tyrosinase gene family (melanin genes) and the immune-related genes MHC class II and IFN-1 was analysed using real-time RT-qPCR. At 10°C cultivation, tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase remained unregulated. At 15°C, a moderate up-regulation was induced, while at 20°C, these genes were up-regulated in an exponential manner over time. Temperature did not affect the transcription of the immune-related genes. Virus infections, poly I:C or bacterin had no influence on the transcription of the melanogenesis-related genes, but triggered the immune-related genes. Our findings revealed no connections between the pigmentary and immune systems, but demonstrated a hereto undiscovered temperature-effect on the tyrosinase gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde A S Larsen
- Section of Anatomy and Pathology, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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