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Campanile A, Liguori B, Ferone C, Caputo D, Aprea P. Zeolite-based monoliths for water softening by ion exchange/precipitation process. Sci Rep 2022; 12. [PMID: 35256674 PMCID: PMC8901846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, the design of a monolithic softener obtained by geopolymer gel conversion is proposed. The softener used consists in a geopolymeric macroporous matrix functionalized by the co-crystallization of zeolite A and X in mixture. The dual nature of the proposed material promotes a softening process based on the synergistic effect of cation exchange and alkaline precipitation. A softening capacity of 90% and 54% for Ca2+ and Mg2+ respectively was attained in 24 h. In fact, the softener reported a Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) value of 4.43 meq g−1. Technical features such as density, porosity and mechanical resistance were also measured. The use of this monolithic softener can improve performance and sustainability of hardness removal from tap water, reducing the production of sludge and adding the possibility to partially regenerate or reuse it.
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Galzerano B, Aprea P, Verdolotti L, Salzano de Luna M, Ascione C, Caputo D, Lavorgna M, Migliore E, Liguori B. Effect of carbonaceous fillers on adsorption behavior of multifunctional diatomite-based foams for wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 2021; 281:130999. [PMID: 34289637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays the study of the potential applications of multifunctional materials for environmental remediation is one of the main goals of the materials engineering. Multifunctional porous materials, MPMs, incorporate, all in once, different and multiple functionalities that make them suitable for several uses and can satisfy many purposes at the same time. Multifunctional diatomite-based foams with a hierarchical porosity, already produced and characterized to be applied in building as well as aerospace sectors, are proposed as adsorbents for inorganic and organic pollutants removal from wastewaters. Then, the effect of the addition of different carbonaceous nanofillers (graphite, graphene and graphene oxide) on the water purification efficiency of the adsorbent was evaluated. Firstly, pristine MPM showed the best performance in adsorbing Indigo Carmine due to its intrinsic chemism and hierarchical porosity (at macro-, micro- and nano-level), but it is not the best with respect to the Cd2+ adsorption, if compared with the nanocomposites. Among the nanocomposite products, both graphene- and graphene oxide-MPM samples showed a significantly improved adsorption capacity towards Cd2+. This behavior is due to the synergistic effect of the finer morphology, higher available foam surface, and the highly exfoliated fillers, graphene and graphene oxide, which permit a better dispersion into the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Galzerano
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - P Aprea
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - L Verdolotti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy.
| | - M Salzano de Luna
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy.
| | - C Ascione
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - D Caputo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - M Lavorgna
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - E Migliore
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy; Atelierba, Wuyuan Road 212 n5, Reading Room, 200031, Shanghai, PPRC, China
| | - B Liguori
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
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D’angelo G, Fumo M, Merino MDR, Capasso I, Campanile A, Iucolano F, Caputo D, Liguori B. Crushed Bricks: Demolition Waste as a Sustainable Raw Material for Geopolymers. Sustainability 2021; 13:7572. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Demolition activity plays an important role in the total energy consumption of the construction industry in the European Union. The indiscriminate use of non-renewable raw materials, energy consumption, and unsustainable design has led to a redefinition of the criteria to ensure environmental protection. This article introduces an experimental plan that determines the viability of a new type of construction material, obtained from crushed brick waste, to be introduced into the construction market. The potential of crushed brick waste as a raw material in the production of building precast products, obtained by curing a geopolymeric blend at 60 °C for 3 days, has been exploited. Geopolymers represent an important alternative in reducing emissions and energy consumption, whilst, at the same time, achieving a considerable mechanical performance. The results obtained from this study show that the geopolymers produced from crushed brick were characterized by good properties in terms of open porosity, water absorption, mechanical strength, and surface resistance values when compared to building materials produced using traditional technologies.
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Łach M. Geopolymer Foams-Will They Ever Become a Viable Alternative to Popular Insulation Materials?-A Critical Opinion. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3568. [PMID: 34202266 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years, there has been a large increase in interest in geopolymer materials, which are usually produced from waste materials, and their applications. The possibilities of application of geopolymers seem to be unlimited, and they are used in almost all fields of technology. Their use as insulation materials appears promising due to their complete nonflammability and excellent strength. However, one limitation is their complex manufacturing process and lack of stability of the obtained geopolymer foams as well as difficulties in achieving such good insulation properties possessed by polyurethane foams, polystyrene, and wool. Hundreds of studies have already been performed on insulating geopolymer foams and various types of foaming agents, and their authors reported that foamed insulating geopolymers had a density starting from 200 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity from 0.04 W/mK. However, the repeatability of the obtained results on an industrial scale is questionable. It is still a challenge to obtain a geopolymer material with comparable properties as conventional insulation materials and to overcome the barriers associated with the successful implementation of geopolymer material as insulation in buildings and other applications on a mass scale. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the methods used for the production of foamed geopolymers and the best parameters obtained, as well as a summary of the most important information reported in the scientific literature. It also presents the results of a critical analysis of the feasibility of implementing this technology for mass deployment. In addition, the problems and limitations that are most often encountered with the implementation of geopolymer technology are discussed.
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Galzerano B, Cabello CI, Muñoz M, Buonocore GG, Aprea P, Liguori B, Verdolotti L. Fabrication of Green Diatomite/Chitosan-Based Hybrid Foams with Dye Sorption Capacity. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3760. [PMID: 32854397 PMCID: PMC7503364 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The latest tendency of the scientific community regards the development of different classes of green materials able to solve pollution problems caused by industrial and human activity. In this paper, chitosan and diatomite were used to produce a broad-spectrum hybrid adsorbent, either in powder or in monolithic form for environmental pollutant removal. Diatomite-chitosan-based powders and porous diatomite-chitosan hybrids were prepared and characterized by chemical-physical, thermal and morphological analysis. Moreover, their adsorbent capacity towards anionic dye (Indigo Carmine) was also evaluated. Obtained data showed that chitosan improves the adsorption capacity of both systems, increasing the uptake of dye in both diatomite-chitosan systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Galzerano
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (B.G.); (G.G.B.); (L.V.)
- ACLabs—Applied Chemistry Labs, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Carmen I. Cabello
- “Centro de Investigacion y Desarollo en Ciencias Aplicadas Dr. J. J. Ronco” (CINDECA-CONICET-CIC-UNLP), Calle 47 N 257, 1900 La Plata, Argentine; (C.I.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mercedes Muñoz
- “Centro de Investigacion y Desarollo en Ciencias Aplicadas Dr. J. J. Ronco” (CINDECA-CONICET-CIC-UNLP), Calle 47 N 257, 1900 La Plata, Argentine; (C.I.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Giovanna G. Buonocore
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (B.G.); (G.G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Paolo Aprea
- ACLabs—Applied Chemistry Labs, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Barbara Liguori
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (B.G.); (G.G.B.); (L.V.)
- ACLabs—Applied Chemistry Labs, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (B.G.); (G.G.B.); (L.V.)
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Capasso I, Liguori B, Verdolotti L, Caputo D, Lavorgna M, Tervoort E. Process strategy to fabricate a hierarchical porosity gradient in diatomite-based foams by 3D printing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:612. [PMID: 31953456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the hierarchical micro and nanoscale features in terms of porosity of diatomite, the production of ceramic-graded porous foams with tailored porosity, obtained by using it as raw material, has been proposed. The main challenge during the foam-production process has been the preservation of diatomite nanometric porosity and the addition of other levels of hierarchical porosity. The coupled use of two techniques of direct foaming (chemical and mechanical), combined with the use of 3D printing inverse replica method, assured the achievement of porosity of, respectively, microscopic and macroscopic dimensions. Optical and scanning electron microscopies have been performed for an in-depth characterization of the final microstructure. XRD analysis has been carried out to check the influence of sacrificial templates on the matrix mineralogical composition. The porosity of the diatomite-based foams has been investigated by means of nitrogen-adsorption analysis and mercury-intrusion porosimetry. The experimental tests confirmed the presence of different porous architectures ranging over several orders of magnitudes, giving rise to complex systems, characterized by hierarchical levels of porosity. The presence of porosity of graded dimensions affects the final mechanical performances of the macroporous diatomite-based foams, while their mineralogical composition does not result to be affected by the addition of templates.
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