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Putra ON, Musfiroh I, Elisa S, Musa M, Ikram EHK, Chaidir C, Muchtaridi M. Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) from Sago Starch ( Metroxylon sago) as a Superdisintegrant: Synthesis and Characterization. Molecules 2023; 29:151. [PMID: 38202734 PMCID: PMC10779860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of sago starch exhibit remarkable resemblances to those of cassava, potato, and maize starches. This review intends to discuss and summarize the synthesis and characterization of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago starch as a superdisintegrant from published journals using keywords in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020). There are many methods for synthesizing sodium starch glycolate (SSG). Other methods may include the aqueous, extrusion, organic solvent slurry, and dry methods. Sago starch is a novel form of high-yield starch with significant development potential. After cross-linking, the phosphorus content of sago starch increases by approximately 0.3 mg/g, corresponding to approximately one phosphate ester group per 500 anhydroglucose units. The degree of substitution (DS) of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago ranges from 0.25 to 0.30; in drug formulations, sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago ranges from 2% to 8% w/w. Higher levels of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) (2% and 4% w/w) resulted in shorter disintegration times (within 1 min). Sago starch is more swellable and less enzymatically digestible than pea and corn starch. These investigations demonstrate that sago starch is a novel form of high-yield starch with tremendous potential for novel development as superdisintegrant tablets and capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okta Nama Putra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (O.N.P.); (I.M.)
- Research Centre for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16912, West Java, Indonesia; (S.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Ida Musfiroh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (O.N.P.); (I.M.)
| | - Sarah Elisa
- Research Centre for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16912, West Java, Indonesia; (S.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Musa Musa
- Research Centre for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16912, West Java, Indonesia; (S.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Emmy Hainida Khairul Ikram
- Centre for Dietetics Studies and Integrated Nutrition Science and Therapy Research Group (INSPIRE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Chaidir Chaidir
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16912, West Java, Indonesia;
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (O.N.P.); (I.M.)
- Research Collaboration Centre for Radiopharmaceuticals Theranostic, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Soekarno KM-21, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
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Hu X, Li Y, Zhang E, Wang X, Xing M, Wang Q, Lei J, Huang H. Preparation and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablets containing taste-masked microcapsules of berberine hydrochloride. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013. [PMID: 23180226 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate a taste-masked berberine hydrochloride orally disintegrating tablet for enhanced patient compliance. Taste masking was performed by coating berberine hydrochloride with Eudragit E100 using a fluidized bed. It was found that microcapsules with a drug-polymer ratio of 1:0.8 masked the bitter taste obviously. The microcapsules were formulated to orally disintegrating tablets and the optimized tablets containing 6% (w/w) crospovidone XL and 15% (w/w) microcrystalline cellulose showed the fastest disintegration, within 25.5 s, and had a pleasant taste. The dissolution profiles revealed that the taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets released the drug faster than commercial tablets in the first 10 min. However, their dissolution profiles were very similar after 10 min. The prepared taste-masked tablets remained stable after 6 months of storage. The pharmacokinetics of the taste-masked and commercial tablets was evaluated in rabbits. The Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-24 values were not significantly different from each other, suggesting that the taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets are bioequivalent to commercial tablets in rabbits. These tablets will enhance patient compliance by masking taste and improve patients' quality of life.
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