1
|
Min J, Lee JW, Bae GS, Moon B. Evaluation of umami taste in Hanwoo with different feed sources by chemical analysis, electronic tongue analysis, and sensory evaluation. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100889. [PMID: 38144845 PMCID: PMC10740071 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate umami taste in Hanwoo with different feed by chemical analysis, sensory evaluation and an electronic tongue system. Hanwoo cattle were divided into three groups: control group (fed only total mixed ration [TMR]), T1 (fed soybean meal + TMR), and T2 (fed soybean meal + corn-dried distiller's grain with solubles [Corn DDGS] + TMR). The three most abundant fatty acids (C18:1n-9, C16:0, and C18:0) in the T1, T2, and control groups accounted for 83.63%, 86.07%, and 85.52% of the total fatty acid content, respectively. Umami taste-related glutamic acid levels were significantly high in T1 (109.89 mg/kg), followed by T2 (66.66 mg/kg) and control (47.27 mg/kg). Fatty acid levels showed a high correlation with umami taste. The results of this study showed that the amino acid and fatty acid levels had been affected by feed types and soybean- or Corn DDGS-based feed potentially enhanced Hanwoo's umami flavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Min
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 72-1, Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo-Won Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 72-1, Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Gui-Seck Bae
- Biogas Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - BoKyung Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 72-1, Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim SI, Park S, Lee HS, Lee JH, Kim DH, Myung JH, Jung KK. Effects of energy levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of Holstein steers at different slaughter ages. J Anim Sci Technol 2023; 65:1214-1225. [PMID: 38616874 PMCID: PMC11007294 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of energy levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of Holstein steers at different slaughter ages. Forty Holstein steers with an average body weight (BW) of 234.21 ± 7.42 kg and 7.78 ± 0.22 months were randomly allocated to two experimental groups; a 22-month-old experimental group and a 24-month-old experimental group. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) for each group were set to 70% (T1) and 72% (T2) during fattening phase and 74% (T3) and 76% (T4) for the finishing phase, respectively. No difference was observed in the final BW between the experimental groups during the fattening phase. However, in the finishing phase, the final BW of T4 (820.31 kg) group was significantly higher than that of T1 (745.57 kg; p < 0.05). The average daily gain (ADG) of T2 group in the finishing phase and overall period were 1.27 kg and 1.26 kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of T1 (1.11 kg and 1.12 kg; p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and TDN conversion ratio of T2 group in the finishing phase also decreased by 10.23% and 7.73%, respectively, compared to those of T1. The cold carcass weight of T4 group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of T1, whereas back fat thickness, longissimus area, and marbling score were not significantly different among groups. No differences were observed in physicochemical characteristics of the carcass including moisture, crude protein, and crude fat content among groups. However, the composition of fatty acids differed significantly between the groups. The content of C18:0 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in T4 than in T1 group, and the content of C18:2 was higher in T4 than in T1 and T3 (p < 0.05). Therefore, feeding Holstein steers at a high-energy feeding level during the fattening and finishing phases improves ADG and reduces the slaughter age from 24 months to 22 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk
Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Daehan Livestock & Feed Co.,
Ltd, Incheon 22300, Korea
| | - Ji Hong Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk
Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk
Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | | | - Keun Ki Jung
- Moksan Hanwoo Research
Institute, Gyeongsan 38507, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim SI, Park S, Myung JH, Jo YM, Choi CB, Jung KK. Effect of fattening period on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic traits of Holstein steers. J Anim Sci Technol 2021; 63:1008-1017. [PMID: 34796344 PMCID: PMC8564297 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different fattening periods on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic traits of Holstein steers. Sixty Holstein steers (8.0 ± 0.28 months old) with an average body weight (BW) of 231.88 ± 2.61 kg, were randomly allocated to five different fattening period treatments: 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 months (n = 12 in each treatment group). Final BW and average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among the treatment groups during the early fattening period. At the late stage of the fattening period, the final BW of steers in the 24-month treatment group (812.84 kg) was greater (p < 0.05) than that of steers in the 20-month treatment group (750.39 kg). During the same period, steers in the 20- and 21-month treatment groups had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) ADG than those in the 22-month treatment group. The highest ADG (1.36 kg/day) was found in the 20-month treatment group (1.36), followed by the 21- (1.33 kg/day), 22- (1.22 kg/day), 23- (1.21 kg/day), and 24- (1.14 kg/day) month treatment groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased as the fattening period increased, and the FCR was 12.88% lower in the 20-month treatment group than in the 24-month treatment group. However, no significant differences were detected in back-fat thickness, loin area, marbling score, and chemical characteristics (water, crude protein, and crude fat content) among the treatment groups. The composition of fatty acids including C18:0, C18:1, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids did not differ among the experimental groups. As the fattening period increased, production costs increased, resulting in a decrease in gross income. The gross income for steers in the 24-month treatment group was 35.8% and 23.5% lower than that for steers in the 20- and 21-month treatment groups, respectively. Taken together, the best performance, including the ADG, FCR, and gross income, was obtained when the fattening program of the Holstein steers lasted 20 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | | | - Young Min Jo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Chang Bon Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Keun Ki Jung
- Moksan Hanwoo Research Institute, Gyeongsan 38507, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi CB, Kwon H, Kim SI, Yang UM, Lee JH, Park EK. Effects of Rice Bran, Flax Seed, and Sunflower Seed on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Fatty Acid Composition, Free Amino Acid and Peptide Contents, and Sensory Evaluations of Native Korean Cattle (Hanwoo). Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2016; 29:195-203. [PMID: 26732444 PMCID: PMC4698699 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with rice bran, flax seed, or sunflower seed to finishing native Korean cattle (Hanwoo) on growth performances, carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, free amino acid and peptide contents, and sensory evaluations of Longissimus muscle (LM). A total of 39 Hanwoo steers (average age of 22.2 mo and average body weight (BW) of 552.2 kg) were randomly divided into Control, rice bran (RB), flax seed (FS), or Sunflower seed (SS) groups. The steers were group fed for 273 d until they reached an average age of 31.2 mo. Final BW was 768.2, 785.8, 786.2, and 789.0 kg, and average daily gain was 0.79, 0.85, 0.82, and 0.84 kg for the Control, RS, FS, and SS groups, respectively (p>0.05). Fat thickness of the FS group (19.8 mm) was greater (p<0.05) than that of the other groups. Final yield grade converted into numerical values was 2.0 for the RB group, 1.7 for the Control and SS groups, and 1.4 for the FS group. Marbling degrees for the Control, SS, RB, and FS groups were 5.3, 5.1, 4.7, and 4.6, respectively. Percentages of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and arachidic acid (C20:0) in the LM were not different among the groups. Palmitoleic (C16:1) acid was higher (p<0.05) in the SS group. The concentration of oleic acid was highest (p<0.05) in the Control group (47.73%). The level of linolenic acid (C18:3) was 2.3 times higher (p<0.05) in the FS group compared to the other groups. Methionine concentration was (p<0.05) higher in FS (1.7 mg/100 g) and SS (1.2 mg/100 g) steers than in the Control or RB groups. Glutamic acid and α-aminoadipic acid (α-AAA) contents were (p<0.05) higher in the FS group compared to the other groups. LM from the FS group had numerically higher (p>0.05) scores for flavor, umami, and overall palatability in sensory evaluations. In conclusion, supplementation of flax seed to diets of finishing Hanwoo steers improved sensory evaluations which might have been caused by increases in flavor related amino acids such as methionine, glutamic acid and α-AAA and peptides, anserine and carnosine, and their complex reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Bon Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Hana Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Sung Il Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | - Un Mok Yang
- Woosung Feed Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Lee
- Woosung Feed Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|