Assessment of FMO3 SNPs in Relation to TMAO in Generally Healthy United States Adults

Objectives

The hepatic enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) oxidizes many metabolites including trimethylamine to the atherogenic molecule trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO). Variants in the open reading frame of the FMO3 gene alter the enzyme's activity; therefore, we genotyped two a priori missense FMO3 SNPs in a cohort of unmedicated healthy adults. We hypothesized that the SNPs might affect the activity of the encoded enzyme leading to reductions in circulating TMAO. FMO3 expression is upregulated by estrogen, thus we also assessed the relationship of the SNPs and TMAO in pre- and postmenopausal women.

Methods

DNA was extracted from whole blood from 349 subjects (182 women) who were enrolled in a cross-sectional study at the USDA/ARS WHNRC. SNPs rs2266782 (G > A, p.Glu158Lys) and rs2266780 (A > G, p.Glu308Gly) were genotyped using TaqMan SNP genotyping kits and PCR. TMAO was purified from fasted plasma and quantified using high resolution LC-MS. Regression models were built to assess the relationship of the SNPs to TMAO in the full cohort and by self-reported menopausal status in women. Models assessing the full cohort were adjusted for plasma cystatin C and a sex*age interaction, whereas the menopausal analysis was adjusted for cystatin C.

Results

The cohort's minor allele frequencies were 36.5% and 17.5% for SNPs rs2266782 and rs2266780, respectively, which were consistent with the genome aggregation exome reports. For both SNPs, median TMAO concentrations increased in individuals carrying the risk alleles, however the differences by genotypes were not significant. In women, the AA genotype at rs2266780 was associated with reduced TMAO levels in pre-, but not postmenopausal women (P = 0.01). This effect was not identified in females with AG or GG genotypes, regardless of their menopausal state.

Conclusions

Effects of the evaluated FMO3 SNPs on TMAO levels were not identified in the full cohort. However, the SNP rs2266780 was associated with reduced TMAO in premenopausal women with the AA genotype but not women with the AG or GG genotypes, nor those who were postmenopausal. This finding reinforces previous observations that risks for cardiovascular diseases increase after menopause in women.

Funding Sources

The Beef Checkoff, R01HL128572; USDA-ARS 2032–53,000–001–00-D, 2032–51,530–022–00-D, and 2032–51,000-004–00D; NCATS NIH UL1 TR001860.

Temporal changes in postprandial blood transcriptomes reveal subject-specific pattern of expression of innate immunity genes after a high-fat meal

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Increased prevalence of class I integrons in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Enterobacter species isolates over a 7-year period in a German university hospital

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Forced opiate withdrawal under anaesthesia augments and prolongs the occurrence of withdrawal signs in rats

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Long-term ethanol self-administration with repeated ethanol deprivation episodes changes ethanol drinking pattern and increases anxiety-related behaviour during ethanol deprivation in rats

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