Current trends in carotid body tumors: Comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Carotid body tumor (CBT) is a rare neoplasm that has been increasingly studied during the last decades; nevertheless, it continues to be a topic of controversy. This review aims to provide an update on the general features of CBT and particularly review different treatment strategies and primary outcomes.

METHODS

Data for this literature review were identified by PubMed, Scopus, and Medline. 93 articles from the initial search were included, as well as 28 relevant studies utilizing the snowballing method; totaling 121 articles about CBT.

RESULTS

Main features such as anatomy, embryology, genetics, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of CBT are presented, followed by evidence of different treatment strategies such as radiotherapy, preoperative embolization, vascular resection, and vascular reconstruction. Main complications are also discussed.

CONCLUSION

This review summarizes the most critical aspects regarding CBT. Future studies should compare different treatments to attain the best surgical results with lower morbidity rates.

Ionic coupling and mitotic synchrony of siblings in a Drosophila cell line

Following mitosis in many cell lines, siblings remain adjoined in dyads until further cell division. We report here a series of experiments designed to ascertain the nature of this apposition in the embryonic Kc cell line of Drosophila melanogaster. We have found that (1) cell division in siblings is highly synchronized when compared to that in nonsiblings: (2) siblings in dyads are dye coupled with respect to Lucifer Yellow, but intercellular diffusion of larger molecules (FITC-dextran at 6 and 24 kDa) is retarded: (3) siblings are electrically coupled by an ungated low-resistance intercellular connection which is resistant to treatment with octanol and CO2, both known to close gap junction channels: and (4) members of a dyad are joined by a cytoplasmic bridge. Structures resembling septate junctions are also found between siblings and between cells in aggregates. The evidence accumulated here suggests that cytokinesis in Kc dyads is incomplete, resulting in an intercellular pathway that may provide for the passage of a molecular or electrical signal that regulates subsequent mitosis.

Electrophysiological properties of gap junctions between dissociated pairs of rat hepatocytes

Physiological properties of isolated pairs of rat hepatocytes were examined within 5 h after dissociation. These cells become round when separated, but cell pairs still display membrane specializations. Most notably, canaliculi are often present at appositional membranes which are flanked by abundant gap and tight junctions. These cell pairs are strongly dye-coupled; Lucifer Yellow CH injected into one cell rapidly diffuses to the other. Pairs of hepatocytes are closely coupled electrically. Conductance of the junctional membrane is not voltage sensitive: voltage clamp studies demonstrate that gj is constant in response to long (5 s) transjunctional voltage steps of either polarity (to greater than +/- 40 mV from rest). Junctional conductance (gj) between hepatocyte pairs is reduced by exposure to octanol (0.1 mM) and by intracellular acidification. Normal intracellular pH (pHi), measured with a liquid ion exchange microelectrode, was generally 7.1-7.4, and superfusion with saline equilibrated with 100% CO2 reduced pHi to 6.0-6.5. In the pHi range 7.5-6.6, gj was constant. Below pH 6.6, gj steeply decreased and at 6.1 coupling was undetectable. pHi recovered when cells were rinsed with normal saline; in most cases gj recovered in parallel so that gj values were similar for pHs obtained during acidification or recovery. The low apparent pK and very steep pHi-gj relation of the liver gap junction contrast with higher pKs and more gradually rising curves in other tissues. If H+ ions act directly on the junctional molecules, the channels that are presumably homologous in different tissues must differ with respect to reactive sites or their environment.

Cell junctions in early embryos of squid (Loligo pealei)

Squid embryos examined by freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy exhibit identifiable gap junctions during mid-cleavage stages (stages 7-8), and junctional complexes composed of adherent appositions, elaborate septate junctions and gap junctions at slightly later stages (stages 12-13). During germinal layer establishment (stages 12-13) cytoplasmic bridges frequently link the embryonic cells. The presence of gap junctions in cleavage-stage embryos provides the morphological substrate for a demonstrated pathway of direct cell-cell communication that is modifiable by experimental treatments and may be physiologically regulatable. The existence of septate junctions and adherent contacts at later stages suggests that some functional specialization, perhaps the establishment of a strongly joined framework of cells at the surface of the embryo, accompanies the formation of germinal layers.