Patient ratings in exercise therapy for the management of tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To synthesise exercise therapy intervention data investigating patient rating outcomes for the management of tendinopathy.

DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating exercise therapy interventions and reporting patient rating outcomes.

SETTING

Any setting in any country listed as very high on the human development index.

PARTICIPANTS

People with a diagnosis of any tendinopathy of any severity or duration.

INTERVENTIONS

Exercise therapy for the management of tendinopathy comprising five different therapy classes: 1) resistance; 2) plyometric; 3) vibration; 4) flexibility, and 5) movement pattern retraining modalities, were considered for inclusion.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Outcomes measuring patient rating of condition, including patient satisfaction and Global Rating of Change (GROC).

RESULTS

From a total of 124 exercise therapy studies, 34 (Achilles: 41%, rotator cuff: 32%, patellar: 15%, elbow: 9% and gluteal: 3%) provided sufficient information to be meta-analysed. The data were obtained across 48 treatment arms and 1246 participants. The pooled estimate for proportion of satisfaction was 0.63 [95%CrI: 0.53-0.73], and the pooled estimate for percentage of maximum GROC was 53 [95%CrI: 38-69%]. The proportion of patients reporting positive satisfaction and perception of change increased with longer follow-up periods from treatment onset.

CONCLUSION

Patient satisfaction and GROC appear similar and are ranked moderately high demonstrating that patients generally perceive exercise therapies positively. Further research including greater consistency in measurement tools is required to explore and where possible, identify patient- and exercise-related moderating factors that can be used to improve person-centred care.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER

PROSPERO ID=CRD42020168187 CONTRIBUTION OF PAPER.

"Black People Like Me": A virtual conference series to engage underserved patients with asthma in patient centered outcomes research

BACKGROUND

In response to racial inequity in asthma, asthma-related research among diverse patients is vital. However, people from historically marginalized groups are underrepresented in clinical and patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR). The "Black People Like Me" (BPLM) virtual conference series was developed to: (1) engage Black patients with asthma and their caregivers in education and discussions about asthma, and (2) encourage involvement in PCOR. Education about COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination was also incorporated.

METHODS

The Project Advisory Group consisting of Black patients, clergy, physicians, and a program evaluator met monthly to develop BPLM. The program consisted of free one-hour virtual sessions held monthly for 6 months. BPLM was promoted through the Allergy & Asthma Network website, emails, social media, and personal contacts with a recruitment goal of ≥ 100 Black patients with asthma or caregivers. Program evaluations, interactive polling questions during each session, and participant pre- and post-session tests were conducted.

RESULTS

Sessions averaged 658 participants including Black patients, family members, caregivers, Black clergy, health care providers, and other concerned community. Overall, 77% of participants strongly agreed with satisfaction with the sessions. Pre- and post-tests demonstrated that participants exhibited growth in knowledge regarding asthma risk, PCOR, and PCOR research opportunities for patients, exhibited preexisting and sustained knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccination and side effects, and demonstrated an increased sense of empowerment during healthcare visits.

CONCLUSIONS

BPLM demonstrated that a virtual platform can successfully engage Black communities. Incorporating clergy and religious organizations was critical in developing the trust of the Black community towards BPLM.

Accelerating Food Allergy Research: Need for a Data Commons

Food allergy is a significant health problem affecting approximately 8% of children and 11% of adults in the United States. It exhibits all the characteristics of a "complex" genetic trait; therefore, it is necessary to look at very large numbers of patients, far more than exist at any single organization, to eliminate gaps in the current understanding of this complex chronic disorder. Advances may be achieved by bringing together food allergy data from large numbers of patients into a Data Commons, a secure and efficient platform for researchers, comprising standardized data, available in a common interface for download and/or analysis, in accordance with the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles. Prior data commons initiatives indicate that research community consensus and support, formal food allergy ontology, data standards, an accepted platform and data management tools, an agreed upon infrastructure, and trusted governance are the foundation of any successful data commons. In this article, we will present the justification for the creation of a food allergy data commons and describe the core principles that can make it successful and sustainable.

1287 THE VALUE OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM (MDT) IN MANAGING PATIENTS WITH COMPLEX OR UNEXPLAINED SYNCOPE

Introduction

Syncope is a common clinical problem with a lifetime prevalence of 20%.1 Syncope shares clinical features with other disorders including seizures, metabolic disturbances and sleep disorders.2 The assessment and management of syncope can be challenging. The syncope service at the QEUH is run by geriatricians and cardiologists with an interest in syncope. Although MDTs are recognised key components in contemporary patient care in areas such as heart failure and cancer management, there is no guidance on MDT working in syncope management.3/4 In November 2017, a syncope MDT was introduced at the QEUH involving cardiologists, geriatricians, a neurologist and cardiac physiologists. This in-person MDT occurs monthly with outcomes recorded on electronic medical records in addition to a database. The aim of this review was to understand the potential impact of the MDT on diagnostic yield and time to further investigation or management.

Method

A retrospective case note analysis was performed for patients reviewed at the Syncope MDT between November 2017 and December 2021.

Results

103 patients were discussed with an average age of 64 years. The main reason for referral was cardiology specialist advice (65%), neurology specialist advice (19.4%) and complex case review (13.6%). After MDT discussion, the percentage of patients with unexplained TLoC reduced from 26.2% to 14.6% without requirement for additional investigations. 8.7% of patients were started on anti-epileptic medication prior to outpatient neurology review after a diagnosis of seizure disorder was established and 23.1% of patients were streamlined for pacemaker or ILR insertion.

Conclusion

Introduction of a syncope MDT reduces unexplained syncope rates in complex patients, streamlines investigations, reduces the need for multi-speciality outpatient reviews and allows earlier introduction of anti-epileptic medication for those with a new seizure disorder. These benefits improve the patient experience by reducing time to diagnosis and treatment.

1288 IMPROVING STAFF AWARENESS OF FRAILTY IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Introduction

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) improves outcomes for frail older adults in acute hospitals. Patients aged 75 and over admitted into the Emergency Department (ED) at the QEUH will automatically generate a “frailty icon” on their electronic record. The number of frail people accessing emergency care is increasing. This Healthcare Improvement Scotland (HIS) frailty tool prompts staff to assess for frailty and refer to the local Frailty Pathway if appropriate. We designed a multidisciplinary quality improvement project (QIP) to increase completion of the frailty icon and the number of referrals to the frailty service from the ED.

Methods

Both medical and nursing staff in the ED were targeted for intervention. Weekly data was collected on the percentage of patients aged 75 and above who were discharged from the ED with a “frailty icon” completed over a 3-month period. Our main intervention was to hold a frailty awareness month. This involved multiple sub-interventions such as; announcements at handovers, e-mails, word-of-mouth, and posters.

Results

The weekly percentage of completed “frailty icons” increased from 28% 2 weeks pre-intervention (n = 283) to 48% in 1 month (n = 258). A peak of 57% (n = 293) completed icons was achieved immediately after our intervention. These increases were then sustained for a further 6 weeks with a weekly average baseline of 45.2% completion (average n = 281). Increased “frailty icon” completion in the ED led to a 100% increase in referrals to the frailty pathway.

Conclusion

Increasing awareness of frailty amongst ED staff results in increased front door assessment for frailty, and subsequent referral to the frailty team. This allows for more patients to receive a CGA. Multidisciplinary QIPs utilise the skills of diverse staff groups to best achieve sustainable change.

Concomitant initiation of combination therapy with macitentan and tadalafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients with comorbidities: real-world data from OPUS and OrPHeUS

Background

Guidelines for the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) recommend early combination therapy of an endothelial receptor antagonist (ERA) and a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor (PDE5i) [1]. There is, however, limited guidance about the management of PAH patients with comorbidities.

Purpose

To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics, safety, tolerability, and outcomes associated with initiation of the ERA macitentan and the PDE5i tadalafil in patients with comorbidities in the US OPsumit® USers (OPUS) and the OPsumit® Historical USers cohort (OrPHeUS) combined dataset.

Methods

This analysis reports data from the OPUS registry (Apr 2014–Jun 2020) and OrPHeUS medical chart review (Oct 2013–Mar 2017) on PAH patients initiating macitentan and tadalafil (M+T) combination therapy, in any order, as concomitant initiation (≤60 days apart, concomitant initiation group). The index date was defined as the start date of the second therapy (i.e., the start of combination therapy). Patients were further grouped by the number of comorbidities present prior to or at macitentan initiation: systemic hypertension, diabetes, renal insufficiency, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, other signs of right heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Results are presented descriptively alongside results for all PAH patients receiving M+T combination therapy (overall M+T group).

Results

Of the 1336 PAH patients that received M+T combination therapy, 431 (32%) were in the concomitant initiation group. In the concomitant initiation and overall M+T groups, respectively: 72% and 68% had ≥1 comorbidity, and the most common were systemic hypertension (47% and 47%), obesity (32% and 26%) and diabetes (23% and 22%). Patients were more likely to be older, male and have idiopathic/heritable PAH with increasing comorbidity burden (Table 1). Patients in the concomitant initiation group were more likely to be incident (median time from diagnosis: 1–2 months vs 9–24 months in the overall M+T group; Table 1). Most patients had ≥1 adverse event (AE); in both groups, patients with a high comorbidity burden (≥3) were more likely to have had an AE and to have discontinued treatment (Table 2). The incidence rate of first all-cause hospitalisation and mortality by comorbidity was comparable between the concomitant initiation and overall M+T groups.

Conclusions

In the real-world, concomitant initiation of M+T is used in PAH patients with comorbidities, usually shortly after diagnosis. Patient characteristics were similar for the concomitant initiation and overall M+T groups, with the exception of time from diagnosis. At index date, age, gender proportion, and PAH aetiology differed between the comorbidity groups. The safety profile of M+T combination therapy in the concomitant initiation group was consistent with that in the overall M+T group.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson

Reflections, impact and recommendations of a co-produced ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study with young people who have experience of suicidality and psychiatric inpatient care

Introduction

Patient and public involvement (PPI) in suicide research is ethical, moral and can deliver impact. However, inconsistent reporting of meaningful PPI, and hesitancy in sharing power with people with experience of suicidality (i.e.co-researchers) in research makes it difficult to understand the full potential impact of PPI on the research, researchers and co-researchers.

Objectives

To describe how our ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study, examining the sleep-suicide relationship in young psychiatric inpatients (aged 18-35) transitioning to the community, has been co-produced, whilst reflecting on impact, challenges, and recommendations.

Methods

We built on our experience of co-produced mental health research to conduct meaningful PPI in our study. Young adults with experience of psychiatric inpatient care and suicidality were appointed November 2020 to work across all research stages. Reflections on challenges, recommendations and impact have been collected throughout.

Results

Three young people became co-researchers. Researcher and co-researcher reflections indicated establishing and maintaining safe environments for open discussion, and continued communication (e.g.WhatsApp group) were vital to effectively share power and decision making. Safeguarding and support requirements for both co-researchers (e.g.individualised strategy) and researcher (e.g.clinical supervision) were particularly evident. To date, the co-produced recruitment poster, research documentation, and research article have demonstrated significant impact.

Conclusions

This is the first EMA study focused on suicide-sleep during transitions to be co-produced with young people with experience of suicidality. Co-producing suicide research is intensive, time-consuming, and challenging but makes a significant impact to the research, researchers, and co-researchers. We expect our learning will directly influence, and help others produce, meaningful co-produced suicide research.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

677 UTILITY OF 24 HOUR AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING (ABPM) IN PATIENTS WITH ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION (OH) AT SYNCOPE CLINIC

Introduction

OH is a disabling condition resulting from a sustained reduction in blood pressure (>20 systolic or 10 diastolic) within 3 minutes of standing. It is a common cause of syncope. Patients with concurrent hypertension experiencing syncope present a complex management dilemma where a balance must be established between symptom burden and risk of cardiovascular disease. Current guidance on ABPM use in syncope is limited. European society of cardiology syncope guidelines suggest ABPM in patients with ‘autonomic failure’ to assess nocturnal hypertension or drug-induced hypotension. Could this be improved with further explicit criteria on which patients to assess and how to act on results? The objective of this study is to review the use of 24 hour ABPM in OH within a tertiary referral syncope clinic.

Method

A retrospective analysis was performed electronically for patients with a final diagnosis of OH seen in a syncope clinic between March 2017 and May 2019. Data was collected on comorbidities, medication history, physical mobility, clinic blood pressure, ABPM Results: (if performed) and medication changes. Comparisons were made between patients who had ABPM and those who did not. Statistics were calculated using Fisher’s Exact Test (2 tailed).

Results

119 patients had a final diagnosis of OH in the study period. 45 had ABPM, 74 did not. The ABPM group had a significantly higher proportion of diagnosed hypertension (51.1% vs 23% (p = 0.0025)). A similar proportion of patients in both groups had medication changed however the ABPM group were significantly more likely to have antihypertensive therapy added (19.4% vs 1.8% (p = 0.0053)).

Conclusion

Using 24 hour ABPM in OH patients can aid clinical decision making in the sub-group with hypertension. This can guide the need for alteration/addition of antihypertensive therapy to balance optimum BP control with symptom burden.

Treatment effect of selexipag on time to disease progression when initiated early in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients: GRIPHON and TRITON pooled analysis

Background

In PAH clinical practice, drugs targeting the prostacyclin pathway, including the oral prostacyclin receptor agonist selexipag, are often initiated years after diagnosis. The GRIPHON (NCT01106014) and TRITON (NCT02558231) randomised controlled trials examined the impact of selexipag on disease progression, primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. In GRIPHON, selexipag significantly reduced the risk of disease progression (composite primary endpoint) in a PAH population (N=1156) with a mean time from diagnosis of 2.4 years, as part of an oral triple, double or monotherapy regimen versus placebo. In TRITON, a potential signal for reduced risk of disease progression was observed with initial triple oral therapy (selexipag, macitentan, tadalafil) versus initial double oral therapy (placebo, macitentan, tadalafil) in a population of 247 newly diagnosed, treatment naïve patients.

Purpose

To investigate the impact of initiating selexipag within 6 months of diagnosis on disease progression in a large PAH population.

Methods

We selected patients from GRIPHON and TRITON diagnosed within 6 months of randomization and compared those on active therapy with selexipag (selexipag group) versus those on control therapy with placebo (control group). Disease progression endpoints were defined as in the GRIPHON and TRITON studies, respectively. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI for time to first disease progression event up to end of double-blind treatment (selexipag/placebo) + 7 days were estimated using a Cox regression model which included treatment as a factor, and baseline prognostic factors and study as covariates.

Results

Overall, 649 patients met the criteria (diagnosis ≤6 months) for these analyses: 329 in the selexipag group (207 from GRIPHON and 122 from TRITON) and 320 in the control group (197 from GRIPHON and 123 from TRITON). Patient characteristics at baseline and treatment regimens were balanced between the treatment groups. With respect to treatment regimen, selexipag/placebo was given as part of triple therapy in 44%, double therapy in 32% and monotherapy in 24% of patients. The median (range) exposure to study treatment was 510 (4–1280) and 409 (3–1318) days in the selexipag and control groups, respectively. There were 67 (20%) and 116 (36%) patients who experienced a disease progression event in the selexipag and control groups, respectively. Selexipag reduced the risk of disease progression (first event) by 52% compared to control (HR 0.48 [95% CI 0.35, 0.66]) (Figure).

Conclusions

This post-hoc pooled analysis of GRIPHON and TRITON patients diagnosed within 6 months suggests that targeting the prostacylin pathway with selexipag within a short time after diagnosis may reduce the risk of disease progression in a broad PAH population.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson

Access to care and frequency of detransition among a cohort discharged by a UK national adult gender identity clinic: retrospective case-note review

BACKGROUND

UK adult gender identity clinics (GICs) are implementing a new streamlined service model. However, there is minimal evidence from these services underpinning this. It is also unknown how many service users subsequently 'detransition'.

AIMS

To describe service users' access to care and patterns of service use, specifically, interventions accessed, reasons for discharge and re-referrals; to identify factors associated with access; and to quantify 'detransitioning'.

METHOD

A retrospective case-note review was performed as a service evaluation for 175 service users consecutively discharged by a tertiary National Health Service adult GIC between 1 September 2017 and 31 August 2018. Descriptive statistics were used for rates of accessing interventions sought, reasons for discharge, re-referral and frequency of detransitioning. Using multivariate analysis, we sought associations between several variables and 'accessing care' or 'other outcome'.

RESULTS

The treatment pathway was completed by 56.1%. All interventions initially sought were accessed by 58%; 94% accessed hormones but only 47.7% accessed gender reassignment surgery; 21.7% disengaged; and 19.4% were re-referred. Multivariate analysis identified coexisting neurodevelopmental disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 5.7, 95% CI = 1.7-19), previous adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) per reported ACE (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-1.9), substance misuse during treatment (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.1-17.6) and mental health concerns during treatment (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.4) as independently associated with accessing care. Twelve people (6.9%) met our case definition of detransitioning.

CONCLUSIONS

Service users may have unmet needs. Neurodevelopmental disorders or ACEs suggest complexity requiring consideration during the assessment process. Managing mental ill health and substance misuse during treatment needs optimising. Detransitioning might be more frequent than previously reported.

The utility of coronary artery calcium in non-gated high resolution CT thorax scans in predicting cardiac events as compared to the Framingham risk score: a retrospective study

Background

There is existing evidence to suggest a correlation between coronary artery calcification (CAC) measured using ECG-triggered chest computed tomography and cardiovascular disease. Further evidence has emerged to suggest a correlation between CAC measured using non-gated CT scans and cardiovascular disease. Herein, we sought to ascertain the utility of incidental findings of CAC on non-triggered high resolution CT (HRCT) thorax used for patients undergoing lung cancer screening or follow-up for interstitial lung disease and Framingham risk score (FRS) in predicting cardiovascular events.

Methods

The Computerised Radiology Information Service (CRIS) database was manually searched to determine all HRCT scans performed in a single trust from 05/2015 to 05/2016. The reports issued by Radiologists and images of selected studies were reviewed. For patients with CAC, we calculated the calcium score for patients using the Agatston method. Clinical events were determined from the electronic medical record without knowledge of patients' CAC findings. For these patients, the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was also calculated. The primary end point of the study was composite of all-cause mortality and cardiac events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, new atrial fibrillation or heart failure episode requiring hospitalization).

Results

We selected 300 scans from a total of approximately 2000 scans performed over this time. Data at follow up was available for 100% of the patients, with a median duration of follow up of 1.6 years. Moderate to severe CAC was found in 35% of people. Multivariable analysis showed good concordance between CAC and FRS in predicting composite clinical end point. The Odds Ratio for cardiac events in patients with moderate to severe CAC was 5.3 (p<0.01) and for composite clinical end point was 3.4 (p<0.01). This is similar to the OR predicted by the FRS: 4.8; p<0.01 and 3.1; p<0.01 respectively. Only 6.2% of patients with moderate to severe CAC were currently statin treated.

Conclusion

In this retrospective study of patients with respiratory disease attending for HRCT scanning, co-incidentally detected CAC predicts cardiac events, with good concordance with the FRS. The incidental finding of CAC on non-gated CT scanning should be reported with Agatston score calculation allowing consideration of intervention to mitigate cardiovascular risk and optimize. Further multi-centre prospective studies of this strategy, with a larger patient cohort should be conducted to clarify the utility of CAC as a prediction tool to modify cardiac risk.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Development of a reference material for analysing naturally occurring radioactive material from the steel industry

Accurate measurement of naturally occurring radionuclides in blast furnace slag, a by-product of the steel industry, is required for compliance with building regulations where it is often used as an ingredient in cement. A matrix reference blast furnace slag material has been developed to support traceability in these measurements. Raw material provided by a commercial producer underwent stability and homogeneity testing, as well as characterisation of matrix constituents, to provide a final candidate reference material. The radionuclide content was then determined during a comparison exercise that included 23 laboratories from 14 countries. Participants determined the activity per unit mass for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K using a range of techniques. The consensus values obtained from the power-moderated mean of the reported participant results were used as indicative activity per unit mass values for the three radionuclides: A₀(²²⁶Ra) = 106.3 (34) Bq·kg^-1, A₀(²³²Th) = 130.0 (48) Bq·kg^-1 and A₀(⁴⁰K) = 161 (11) Bq·kg^-1 (where the number in parentheses is the numerical value of the combined standard uncertainty referred to the corresponding last digits of the quoted result). This exercise helps to address the current shortage of NORM industry reference materials, putting in place infrastructure for production of further reference materials.

Electron Capture Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Methyl Mercury in Fish and Shellfish: Collaborative Study

A method for determining methyl mercury in fish and shellfish was collaboratively studied in 8 laboratories. Methyl mercury is isolated from acetonewashed, homogenized tissue by adding hydrochloric acid and extracting into benzene the methyl mercuric chloride that is formed. The benzene extract is concentrated and analyzed for methyl mercuric chloride by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography on 5% DEGS-PS treated with inorganic mercuric chloride solution. The quantitation limit for the method is 0.05 μg Hg/g. Each collaborator determined methyl mercury at 2 levels in blind duplicate samples of swordfish, tuna, oyster, and shrimp tissues. Both fortified and unfortified samples were analyzed. Methyl-bound mercury in the samples ranged from 0.15 to 148 μg Hg/g. The reproducibility coefficients of variation for the 8 samples ranged from 3 to 13%. The accuracy, measured by comparison to reference values, ranged from 99 to 120%. Reference values were determined in the Associate Referee's laboratory by replicate analyses of the fortified and unfortified samples. The method has been adopted official first action.

Perspectives on Living with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: From Onset through Diagnosis and Disease Management in the US

Chronic spontaneous urticaria is challenging to manage and substantially affects quality of life. This US, non-interventional qualitative study examined patients' clinical journeys and emotional burden from symptom onset through disease management. Chronic spontaneous urticaria patients participated in interviews and completed diaries focusing on disease and treatment history/perspectives, impact on personal/family life, and relationships with physicians/other healthcare providers. Physicians were interviewed about their views on disease management and patient care. Twenty-five patients, previously or currently receiving chronic spontaneous urticaria treatment(s), and 12 physicians participated. Key stages following symptom onset were identified: Crisis (associated with feelings of torment/disorientation/shock); Searching for answers (puzzlement/frustration/anxiety); Diagnosis (relief/satisfaction/fear/isolation); and Disease management (frustration/hope/powerlessness). Findings revealed patients' perceptions and experiences of chronic spontaneous urticaria, including living with a 'skinemy', experiencing their 'own personal hell' and feeling 'like an experiment'. Awareness of unmet needs in patient care/management identified in this study may ultimately improve patient support and enhance physicians' understanding of disease burden.

The tension between efficiency and effectiveness: a study of dietetic practice in primary care

BACKGROUND

Primary healthcare dietitians have a vital role to play in the prevention and management of chronic disease. Working in primary care requires efficient and effective management of practice to ensure client and practitioner needs are met. The present study aimed to explore the way in which primary care dietitians in Australia view the constructs of efficiency and effectiveness within the context of their practice.

METHODS

The study used an exploratory qualitative design within a pragmatist framework. Individual semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with Australian primary care dietitians. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive thematic approach.

RESULTS

Twenty dietitians (17 females) working as private practitioners in primary care from three Australian states participated in the present study. Three themes emerged from the data. The first theme revealed that seeking efficiency and especially effectiveness were important to primary care dietitians and that there was a tension between the two. The second theme identified that efficiency and effectiveness are influenced by personal and structural factors. The final theme explored how dietitians are actively seeking ways to be more efficient and effective, including supportive networks, as well as the utilisation of technology.

CONCLUSIONS

Achieving a balance between efficiency and effectiveness in primary care dietetics is challenging to practitioners, who may require further training and support to enhance productivity, time management and resource utilisation. Structured issues exist for the workface. Further studies are required to quantify these findings and to explore whether it is possible to optimise efficiency and effectiveness and achieve sustainability of the dietetic workforce in primary care.

Atopic Dermatitis in America Study: A Cross-Sectional Study Examining the Prevalence and Disease Burden of Atopic Dermatitis in the US Adult Population

Population-based estimates on the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in adults vary widely. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in the population of the United States, the distribution of disease severity, and its impact on health-related quality of life. Among 1,278 participating adults, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) of atopic dermatitis was 7.3% (5.9-8.8). Overall, 60.1% (56.1-64.1) of participants were classified as having mild, 28.9% (25.3-32.7) as having moderate, and 11% as having severe (8.6-13.7) disease. Patients with atopic dermatitis and those with more severe disease had higher scores in the dermatology life quality index (mean [standard deviation] for AD patients = 4.71 [6.44] vs. control individuals = 0.97 [2.12]) (P < 0.001) and the hospital anxiety (mean [standard deviation] for AD patients = 7.03 [4.80] vs. control individuals = 4.73 [4.8]) and depression (mean, [standard deviation] for AD patients = 5.83 [4.54] vs. control individuals = 3.62 [3.61]) scales, indicating a worse impact on quality of life and an increased likelihood of anxiety or depression. Based on our prevalence estimates, 16.5 million adults would have a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, with 6.6 million meeting criteria for moderate to severe disease. Our study confirms the high prevalence and disease burden of atopic dermatitis in this population.

A Low Molecular Weight Heparin Alters the Fetal Coagulation System in the Pregnant Sheep

Standard heparin and a LMWH, CY222 do not cross the placenta nor alter fetal coagulation when injected into the pregnant ewe. We found that another LMWH, Pharmuka-10169 (PK-10169) alters fetal coagulation without crossing the placenta in the pregnant sheep. To characterize this anticoagulant we measured the in vitro and in vivo effects of 125I-PK-10169 in maternal and fetal plasmas following administration of PK-10169 to the mother or fetus. The fetal anticoagulant activity was not neutralizable by protamine sulphate and was attributable to the inhibition of thrombin but not factor Xa. In vitro, the fetal anticoagulant activity had properties similar to dermatan sulphate : both catalyzed the inhibition of thrombin but not factor Xa by sheep plasma; and neither was neutralizable by protamine sulphate. These effects were due to the enhanced neutralization of thrombin by heparin cofactor II. We conclude that PK-10169 does not cross the placenta, but does induce the release of an endogenous dermatan sulphate-like substance which alters fetal coagulation.

Abstract P1-10-08: Development of a first-in-class oral selective ERα covalent antagonist (SERCA) for the treatment of ERαWT and ERαMUT breast cancer

Mutations in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) are detected in up to 30% of breast cancer patients who have relapsed during endocrine therapy. ERα mutations functionally confer resistance to existing classes of endocrine therapies, likely through gaining constitutive activity. The fact that current ER-directed therapies are only partially effective in the ERα mutant setting, and that a significant proportion of resistant breast cancer metastases continue to remain dependent on ERα signaling for growth/survival, highlights the critical need to develop the next generation of ERα antagonists that can overcome aberrant ERα activity. Using structure-based drug design approaches we have identified a novel class of ERα antagonist referred to as Selective ERα Covalent Antagonist (SERCA) that inactivate both wild-type and mutant ERα by targeting a unique cysteine residue that is not conserved among other steroid hormone receptors. Biophysical, biochemical and cellular analyses confirm the covalent mechanism of action, specific binding to ER and selective inhibition of ERα-dependent transcription of SERCAs. H3B-6545 is a highly selective SERCA that potently antagonizes wild-type and mutant ERα in biochemical and cell based assays demonstrating increased potency over standard of care and other experimental agents. In vivo, H3B-6545 shows superior efficacy to fulvestrant in the MCF-7 xenograft model with once daily oral dosing, achieving maximal antitumor activity at doses &gt;10x below the maximum tolerated dose in mice. In addition, H3B-6545 shows superior antitumor activity to both tamoxifen and fulvestrant in patient derived xenograft models of breast cancer carrying estrogen receptor mutations. In summary, H3B-6545 is a first-in-class, orally available and selective ER covalent antagonist with a compelling pre-clinical profile that is being developed for the treatment of ERα positive breast cancer.

Citation Format: Korpal M, Puyang X, Furman C, Zheng GZ, Banka D, Wu J, Zhang Z, Thomas M, Mackenzie C, Yao H, Rimkunas V, Kumar P, Caleb B, Karr C, Subramanian V, Irwin S, Larsen N, Vaillancourt F, Nguyen T-V, Davis A, Chan B, Hao MH, O'Shea M, Prajapati S, Agoulnik S, Kuznetsov G, Kumar N, Yu Y, Lai G, Hart A, Eckley S, Fekkes P, Bowser T, Joshi JJ, Selvaraj A, Wardell S, Norris J, Smith S, Reynolds D, Mitchell L, Wang J, Yu L, Kim A, Rioux N, Sahmoud T, Warmuth M, Smith PG, Zhu P. Development of a first-in-class oral selective ERα covalent antagonist (SERCA) for the treatment of ERαWT and ERαMUT breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-10-08.

Echocardiographic imaging options in ovine research subjects

OBJECTIVES

To determine the feasibility of acquiring quality transesophageal (TEE), epicardial (EE), and intracardiac (ICE) echocardiographic images in ovine subjects and to discuss the merits of each technique with a focus on ICE image acquisition.

ANIMALS

Eleven male castrated Dorset adult sheep.

METHODS

Transesophageal echocardiography was performed under general anesthesia. Epicardial echocardiography was performed as part of an open chest (thoracotomy or sternotomy) experiment. Subjects were recovered with permanent jugular vein indwelling catheter and ICE from this approach was described. Feasibility of each technique was qualitatively assessed based on subjective image quality from three images for each image plane in each sheep.

RESULTS

Transesophageal echocardiography was technically challenging and did not provide adequate image quality for consistent interpretation. Epicardial echocardiography and ICE had more favorable results with ICE demonstrating unique benefits for post-operative serial monitoring.

CONCLUSIONS

Epicardial echocardiography and ICE were effective imaging techniques. Epicardial echocardiography required the least specialized training but was considered to have limited feasibility due to its requirement for an open chest procedure. Even with the necessity for permanent indwelling jugular cannulation, ICE was the least invasive of the three imaging techniques and potentially the most practical approach for chronic studies by minimizing post-operative stress. Transesophageal echocardiography was not a feasible technique in this study.

Examining the Efficacy of a Family Peer Advocate Model for Black and Hispanic Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects individuals across all racial and ethnic groups, yet rates of diagnosis are disproportionately higher for Black and Hispanic children. Caregivers of children with ASD experience significant stressors, which have been associated with parental strain, inadequate utilization of mental health services and lower quality of life. The family peer advocate (FPA) model has been utilized across service delivery systems to provide family-to-family support, facilitate engagement, and increase access to care. This study used a randomized controlled design to examine the efficacy of FPAs in a racially and ethnically diverse sample. Results demonstrate significantly increased knowledge of ASD and reduced levels of stress for caregivers who received the FPA intervention as compared to treatment as usual.