Meningeal regulation of infections: A double-edged sword

In the past 10 years, important discoveries have been made in the field of neuroimmunology, especially regarding brain borders. Indeed, meninges are protective envelopes surrounding the CNS and are currently in the spotlight, with multiple studies showing their involvement in brain infection and cognitive disorders. In this review, we describe the meningeal layers and their protective role in the CNS against bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, by immune and nonimmune cells. Moreover, we discuss the neurological and cognitive consequences resulting from meningeal infections in neonates (e.g. infection with group B Streptococcus, cytomegalovirus, …) or adults (e.g. infection with Trypanosoma brucei, Streptococcus pneumoniae, …). We hope that this review will bring to light an integrated view of meningeal immune regulations during CNS infections and their neurological consequences.

Fracture bifocale du quart proximal de la clavicule–pseudoluxation sternoclaviculaire. À propos d’un cas

We report an unusual case of bifocal fracture of the sternal part of clavicle, combining a metaphysodiaphysal fracture of the sternal end of the clavicle, a proximal physeal fracture, and a ligament avulsion of sternoclavicular joint, without neurovascular damage. Its surgical repair used an osteosynthesis with K-wires and tension band wiring and synthetic ligamentoplasty of the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, without any reconstruction of the costoclavicular ligament. The clinical and radiographic results at six months are presented and the operative technique used in this case of pseudodislocation of sternoclavicular joint is discussed and compared to those previously published.