Correction to: Review of global neurosurgery education: Horizon of Neurosurgery in the Developing Countries

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41016-020-00194-1.].

Review of global neurosurgery education: Horizon of Neurosurgery in the Developing Countries

Globally, the discipline of neurosurgery has evolved remarkably fast. Despite being one of the latest medical specialties, which appeared only around hundred years ago, it has witnessed innovations in the aspects of diagnostics methods, macro and micro surgical techniques, and treatment modalities. Unfortunately, this development is not evenly distributed between developed and developing countries. The same is the case with neurosurgical education and training, which developed from only traditional apprentice programs in the past to more structured, competence-based programs with various teaching methods being utilized, in recent times. A similar gap can be observed between developed and developing counties when it comes to neurosurgical education. Fortunately, most of the scholars working in this field do understand the coherent relationship between neurosurgical education and neurosurgical practice. In context to this understanding, a symposium was organized during the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) Special World Congress Beijing 2019. This symposium was the brain child of Prof. Yoko Kato—one of the eminent leaders in neurosurgery and an inspiration for female neurosurgeons. Invited speakers from different continents presented the stages of development of neurosurgical education in their respective countries. This paper summarizes the outcome of these presentations, with particular emphasis on and the challenges faced by developing countries in terms of neurosurgical education and strategies to cope with these challenges.

The Effect of Progesterone Therapy in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients on Serum Levels of s-100β, Interleukin 6, and Aquaporin-4

BACKGROUND: Severe TBI is leading in death and disability worldwide. The initial stage resulted from direct tissue damage and impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. The level of S-100β, IL-6 and AQ4 in CSF increased in neuronal injury and BBB damage. PROG effect is assessed on biomarkers of S-100β, IL-6, and AQP4. AIM: The study examined the 1st to 4th day of progesterone administration. METHODS: The sample consisted of 23 participants in the control group and 16 participants in the treated group. Patients with GCS 4–8, not surgical, aged 15-50 years, coming in the first 24 h and patient’s family agreed to this research are included. The sample was taken from the serum, and the biomarker processed using ELISA. GOS 3 months used as prognostic. RESULTS: The result showed the mean value serum level of S100β, AQP4, and IL-6 increased on 24 h and 96 h after given PROG. Change of mean value of S100β day to day was 44.75 (96 h)–40.57 (24 h) – 4.18. In control group, change of S100β decrease to 42.51 (96 h)–46.11 (24 h) = −3.60, showing effect still unclearly proven in repairing neuronal injury, BBB disruption or another consideration on concentration of S100β, AQP4, and IL-6 in serum. CONCLUSION: S-100β serum levels is significant to predict outcome of severe TBI. Progesterone still unclearly proven in repairing neuronal injury and/or BBB disruption. Another consideration is temporal trajectory of S100β, AQP4, and IL-6. In future study, natural endogenous PROG should be sought. S-100β in future pharmaceutical trials may be possible as pharmacological target.