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Fisch KM, Gamini R, Alvarez-Garcia O, Akagi R, Saito M, Muramatsu Y, Sasho T, Koziol JA, Su AI, Lotz MK. Identification of transcription factors responsible for dysregulated networks in human osteoarthritis cartilage by global gene expression analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1531-1538. [PMID: 30081074 PMCID: PMC6245598 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease. As disease-modifying therapies are not available, novel therapeutic targets need to be discovered and prioritized for their importance in mediating the abnormal phenotype of cells in OA-affected joints. Here, we generated a genome-wide molecular profile of OA to elucidate regulatory mechanisms of OA pathogenesis and to identify possible therapeutic targets using integrative analysis of mRNA-sequencing data obtained from human knee cartilage. DESIGN RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on 18 normal and 20 OA human knee cartilage tissues. RNA-seq datasets were analysed to identify genes, pathways and regulatory networks that were dysregulated in OA. RESULTS RNA-seq data analysis revealed 1332 differentially expressed (DE) genes between OA and non-OA samples, including known and novel transcription factors (TFs). Pathway analysis identified 15 significantly perturbed pathways in OA with ECM-related, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, FoxO and circadian rhythm pathways being the most significantly dysregulated. We selected DE TFs that are enriched for regulating DE genes in OA and prioritized these TFs by creating a cartilage-specific interaction subnetwork. This analysis revealed eight TFs, including JUN, Early growth response (EGR)1, JUND, FOSL2, MYC, KLF4, RELA, and FOS that both target large numbers of dysregulated genes in OA and are themselves suppressed in OA. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel subnetwork of dysregulated TFs that represent new mediators of abnormal gene expression and promising therapeutic targets in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Gamini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - O Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Akagi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University Hospital 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Saito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University Hospital 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University Hospital 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Sasho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University Hospital 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - J A Koziol
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A I Su
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M K Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Akagi R, Akatsu Y, Fisch KM, Alvarez-Garcia O, Teramura T, Muramatsu Y, Saito M, Sasho T, Su AI, Lotz MK. Dysregulated circadian rhythm pathway in human osteoarthritis: NR1D1 and BMAL1 suppression alters TGF-β signaling in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:943-951. [PMID: 27884645 PMCID: PMC5438901 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circadian rhythm (CR) was identified by RNA sequencing as the most dysregulated pathway in human osteoarthritis (OA) in articular cartilage. This study examined circadian rhythmicity in cultured chondrocytes and the role of the CR genes NR1D1 and BMAL1 in regulating chondrocyte functions. METHODS RNA was extracted from normal and OA-affected human knee cartilage (n = 14 each). Expression levels of NR1D1 and BMAL1 mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Human chondrocytes were synchronized and harvested at regular intervals to examine circadian rhythmicity in RNA and protein expression. Chondrocytes were treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for NR1D1 or BMAL1, followed by RNA sequencing and analysis of the effects on the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway. RESULTS NR1D1 and BMAL1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in OA compared to normal cartilage. In cultured human chondrocytes, a clear circadian rhythmicity was observed for NR1D1 and BMAL1. Increased BMAL1 expression was observed after knocking down NR1D1, and decreased NR1D1 levels were observed after knocking down BMAL1. Sequencing of RNA from chondrocytes treated with NR1D1 or BMAL1 siRNA identified 330 and 68 significantly different genes, respectively, and this predominantly affected the TGF-β signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The CR pathway is dysregulated in OA cartilage. Interference with circadian rhythmicity in cultured chondrocytes affects TGF-β signaling, which is a central pathway in cartilage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Akagi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuou, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Y Akatsu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuou, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - K M Fisch
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - O Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T Teramura
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Saito
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-8741, Japan
| | - T Sasho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuou, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - A I Su
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M K Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Modena BD, Kurian SM, Gaber LW, Waalen J, Su AI, Gelbart T, Mondala TS, Head SR, Papp S, Heilman R, Friedewald JJ, Flechner S, Marsh CL, Sung RS, Shidban H, Chan L, Abecassis MM, Salomon DR. Gene Expression in Biopsies of Acute Rejection and Interstitial Fibrosis/Tubular Atrophy Reveals Highly Shared Mechanisms That Correlate With Worse Long-Term Outcomes. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1982-98. [PMID: 26990570 PMCID: PMC5501990 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) is found in approximately 25% of 1-year biopsies posttransplant. It is known that IFTA correlates with decreased graft survival when histological evidence of inflammation is present. Identifying the mechanistic etiology of IFTA is important to understanding why long-term graft survival has not changed as expected despite improved immunosuppression and dramatically reduced rates of clinical acute rejection (AR) (Services UDoHaH. http://www.ustransplant.org/annual_reports/current/509a_ki.htm). Gene expression profiles of 234 graft biopsy samples were obtained with matching clinical and outcome data. Eighty-one IFTA biopsies were divided into subphenotypes by degree of histological inflammation: IFTA with AR, IFTA with inflammation, and IFTA without inflammation. Samples with AR (n = 54) and normally functioning transplants (TX; n = 99) were used in comparisons. A novel analysis using gene coexpression networks revealed that all IFTA phenotypes were strongly enriched for dysregulated gene pathways and these were shared with the biopsy profiles of AR, including IFTA samples without histological evidence of inflammation. Thus, by molecular profiling we demonstrate that most IFTA samples have ongoing immune-mediated injury or chronic rejection that is more sensitively detected by gene expression profiling. These molecular biopsy profiles correlated with future graft loss in IFTA samples without inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. D. Modena
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - S. M. Kurian
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA,DNA Microarray and Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - L. W. Gaber
- Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - J. Waalen
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - A. I. Su
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - T. Gelbart
- DNA Microarray and Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - T. S. Mondala
- DNA Microarray and Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - S. R. Head
- DNA Microarray and Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - S. Papp
- DNA Microarray and Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - R. Heilman
- Transplant Genomics Collaborative Group (TGCG), La Jolla, CA,Department of Transplant Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - J. J. Friedewald
- Northwestern Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - S.M. Flechner
- Transplant Genomics Collaborative Group (TGCG), La Jolla, CA,Glickman Urology and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - C. L. Marsh
- Transplant Genomics Collaborative Group (TGCG), La Jolla, CA,Scripps Center for Organ and Cell Transplantation, Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - R. S. Sung
- Transplant Genomics Collaborative Group (TGCG), La Jolla, CA,Section of Transplant Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - H. Shidban
- Transplant Genomics Collaborative Group (TGCG), La Jolla, CA,Department of Surgery, St Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - L. Chan
- Transplant Genomics Collaborative Group (TGCG), La Jolla, CA,Department of Transplant/Nephrology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - M. M. Abecassis
- Northwestern Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - D. R. Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA,DNA Microarray and Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA,Transplant Genomics Collaborative Group (TGCG), La Jolla, CA,Corresponding author: Daniel R. Salomon,
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Chang YT, Wignall SM, Rosania GR, Gray NS, Hanson SR, Su AI, Merlie J, Moon HS, Sangankar SB, Perez O, Heald R, Schultz PG. Synthesis and biological evaluation of myoseverin derivatives: microtubule assembly inhibitors. J Med Chem 2001; 44:4497-500. [PMID: 11741468 DOI: 10.1021/jm010451+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myoseverin, a trisubstituted purine, inhibits microtubule assembly in vitro, interferes with normal mitotic spindle assembly, and arrests the cell cycle in mitosis in U937 cells. We synthesized a variety of myoseverin derivatives and screened them for inhibition of spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts and for microtubule disassembly in vitro. Selected compounds were tested against 60 cancer cell lines at the National Cancer Institute as possible anticancer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Chang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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Su AI, Welsh JB, Sapinoso LM, Kern SG, Dimitrov P, Lapp H, Schultz PG, Powell SM, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF, Hampton GM. Molecular classification of human carcinomas by use of gene expression signatures. Cancer Res 2001; 61:7388-93. [PMID: 11606367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Classification of human tumors according to their primary anatomical site of origin is fundamental for the optimal treatment of patients with cancer. Here we describe the use of large-scale RNA profiling and supervised machine learning algorithms to construct a first-generation molecular classification scheme for carcinomas of the prostate, breast, lung, ovary, colorectum, kidney, liver, pancreas, bladder/ureter, and gastroesophagus, which collectively account for approximately 70% of all cancer-related deaths in the United States. The classification scheme was based on identifying gene subsets whose expression typifies each cancer class, and we quantified the extent to which these genes are characteristic of a specific tumor type by accurately and confidently predicting the anatomical site of tumor origin for 90% of 175 carcinomas, including 9 of 12 metastatic lesions. The predictor gene subsets include those whose expression is typical of specific types of normal epithelial differentiation, as well as other genes whose expression is elevated in cancer. This study demonstrates the feasibility of predicting the tissue origin of a carcinoma in the context of multiple cancer classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Hogenesch JB, Ching KA, Batalov S, Su AI, Walker JR, Zhou Y, Kay SA, Schultz PG, Cooke MP. A comparison of the Celera and Ensembl predicted gene sets reveals little overlap in novel genes. Cell 2001; 106:413-5. [PMID: 11534548 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Welsh JB, Sapinoso LM, Su AI, Kern SG, Wang-Rodriguez J, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF, Hampton GM. Analysis of gene expression identifies candidate markers and pharmacological targets in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:5974-8. [PMID: 11507037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection, treatment, and prediction of outcome for men with prostate cancer increasingly depend on a molecular understanding of tumor development and behavior. We characterized primary prostate cancer by monitoring expression levels of more than 8900 genes in normal and malignant tissues. Patterns of gene expression across tissues revealed a precise distinction between normal and tumor samples, and revealed a striking group of about 400 genes that were overexpressed in tumor tissues. We ranked these genes according to their differential expression in normal and cancer tissues by selecting for highly and specifically overexpressed genes in the majority of cancers with correspondingly low or absent expression in normal tissues. Several such genes were identified that act within a variety of biochemical pathways and encode secreted molecules with diagnostic potential, such as the secreted macrophage inhibitory cytokine, MIC-1. Other genes, such as fatty acid synthase, encode enzymes known as drug targets in other contexts, which suggests new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Welsh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Ratnaswamy G, Huff ME, Su AI, Rion S, Kelly JW. Destabilization of Ca2+-free gelsolin may not be responsible for proteolysis in Familial Amyloidosis of Finnish Type. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:2334-9. [PMID: 11226240 PMCID: PMC30139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.041452598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations at position 187 in secreted gelsolin enable aberrant proteolysis at the 172-173 and 243-244 amide bonds, affording the 71-residue amyloidogenic peptide deposited in Familial Amyloidosis of Finnish Type (FAF). Thermodynamic comparisons of two different domain 2 constructs were carried out to study possible effects of the mutations on proteolytic susceptibility. In the construct we consider to be most representative of domain 2 in the context of the full-length protein (134-266), the D187N FAF variant is slightly destabilized relative to wild type (WT) under the conditions of urea denaturation, but exhibits a T(m) identical to WT. The D187Y variant is less stable to intermediate urea concentrations and exhibits a T(m) that is estimated to be approximately 5 degrees C lower than WT (pH 7.4, Ca(2+)-free). Although the thermodynamic data indicate that the FAF mutations may slightly destabilize domain 2, these changes are probably not sufficient to shift the native to denatured state equilibrium enough to enable the proteolysis leading to FAF. Biophysical data indicate that these two FAF variants may have different native state structures and possibly different pathways of amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ratnaswamy
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road (MB12), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Su AI, Lorber DM, Weston GS, Baase WA, Matthews BW, Shoichet BK. Docking molecules by families to increase the diversity of hits in database screens: computational strategy and experimental evaluation. Proteins 2001; 42:279-93. [PMID: 11119652 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0134(20010201)42:2<279::aid-prot150>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Molecular docking programs screen chemical databases for novel ligands that fit protein binding sites. When one compound fits the site well, close analogs typically do the same. Therefore, many of the compounds that are found in such screens resemble one another. This reduces the variety and novelty of the compounds suggested. In an attempt to increase the diversity of docking hit lists, the Available Chemicals Directory was grouped into families of related structures. All members of every family were docked and scored, but only the best scoring molecule of a high-ranking family was allowed in the hit list. The identity and scores of the other members of these families were recorded as annotations to the best family member, but they were not independently ranked. This family-based docking method was compared with molecule-by-molecule docking in screens against the structures of thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and the cavity site of the mutant T4 lysozyme Leu99 --> Ala (L99A). In each case, the diversity of the hit list increased, and more families of known ligands were found. To investigate whether the newly identified hits were sensible, we tested representative examples experimentally for binding to L99A and DHFR. Of the six compounds tested against L99A, five bound to the internal cavity. Of the seven compounds tested against DHFR, six inhibited the enzyme with apparent K(i) values between 0.26 and 100 microM. The segregation of potential ligands into families of related molecules is a simple technique to increase the diversity of candidates suggested by database screens. The general approach should be applicable to most docking methods. Proteins 2001;42:279-293.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Su
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA
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