Biogenesis and biological function of marine algal oxylipins

The biogenetic source of most marine algal oxylipins, which are many and of diverse structure, can logically be unified through a common lipoxygenase-derived hydroperoxide to epoxy allylic carbocation transformation. The biological role of oxylipins in algae remains an enigma, although numerous ideas have been put forth. Herein, we hypothesize and provide some evidence for an osmoregulatory role for these metabolites.

Pathobiochemistry of combined diabetes and atherosclerosis studied on a novel animal model. The hyperlipemic-hyperglycemic hamster

Because accelerated atherosclerosis is the main complication of diabetes, we devised a new animal model that combines these two diseases, and investigated their joint impact on the main plasma components and organs known to be most affected in each disorder. Male Golden Syrian hamsters were subjected to three experimental conditions: streptozotocin-induced diabetes (D), diet-induced hyperlipemia (H), and a combination of hyperlipemia and diabetes (HD). At time intervals ranging from 2 to 24 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, the appropriate plasma constituents were determined, and the ultrastructural modifications of relevant tissues such as the heart, cardiac valves, coronary arteries, aorta, retina, and kidney were examined. The HD hamsters were characterized by marked alternations of plasma components, ie, increase in circulating glucose, cholesterol and lipid peroxide levels, glycation of albumin, and the appearance of irreversibly glycated albumin (AGE-Alb). These humoral changes coexisted with micro- and macroangiopathic lesions characteristic to both diseases, ie, capillary narrowing, hyperplasia of endothelial basal lamina, proliferation of perivascular extracellular matrix (abnormalities reminiscent of type I diabetes), and concomitant intimal accumulation of modified lipoproteins and macrophage-derived foam cells in the aorta, coronaries, and cardiac valves, leading to accelerated formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These changes eventually appeared in the D hamsters also, but at a much slower rate, whereas the H group showed only modifications characteristic for atherosclerosis. Our findings indicate that, overall, 1) diabetes accelerated the early development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions leading to rapid calcification, and 2) hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes accelerated the rate of development of diabetes-induced microvascular disease. The hamster model may be useful to study the impact of various drugs on the diabetes-related vascular complications.