2019-nCoV2: An Overview of Awareness about Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases and Sustainable Development: A Retrospective and Cross-sectional Study

The doctrine of Sustainability is known to be a holistic approach and there is an increased recognition that Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are linked to one another. Within less than two decades, the present pandemic (COVID19) is the third emerged highly pathogenic and deadly human coronaviruses. Hence, risk of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is a key component of the sustainable development approach.  In order to determine knowledge, awareness and attitude, an online questionnaire-based survey was conducted in a total of 114 members of Saudi Arabian’s staff. Results about knowledge and awareness varied between 98.2 % and 38.59%. About 77.21% (Mean value) of the participants are well awarded about the subject of the study. The constant collation of the showed that the majorities of the correlation between variables were very strong (20.87%) or strong (38.46%). Synthetically, themes such as human impact on the environment, human health and global stability, SDGs and pandemics, human susceptibility for diseases and uses of drugs were found to be interdepend in the perception of the academic staff in the Saudi Arabian universities. It is suggested that there is a need to introduce time-oriented policy, and implement awareness plans in the country for the future generation.

Comparative Study between Exogenously Applied Plant Growth Hormones versus Metabolites of Microbial Endophytes as Plant Growth-Promoting for Phaseolus vulgaris L

Microbial endophytes organize symbiotic relationships with the host plant, and their excretions contain diverse plant beneficial matter such as phytohormones and bioactive compounds. In the present investigation, six bacterial and four fungal strains were isolated from the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root plant, identified using molecular techniques, and their growth-promoting properties were reviewed. All microbial isolates showed varying activities to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and different hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, protease, pectinase, and xylanase. Six bacterial endophytic isolates displayed phosphate-solubilizing capacity and ammonia production. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the promotion activity of the metabolites of the most potent endophytic bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis PB2 and Brevibacillus agri PB5) and fungal (Alternaria sorghi PF2 and, Penicillium commune PF3) strains in comparison to two exogenously applied hormone, IAA, and benzyl adenine (BA), on the growth and biochemical characteristics of the P. vulgaris L. Interestingly, our investigations showed that bacterial and fungal endophytic metabolites surpassed the exogenously applied hormones in increasing the plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate and protein contents, antioxidant enzyme activity, endogenous hormones and yield traits. Our findings illustrate that the endophyte Brevibacillus agri (PB5) provides high potential as a stimulator for the growth and productivity of common bean plants.