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Weidinger C, Hegazy AN, Glauben R, Siegmund B. COVID-19-from mucosal immunology to IBD patients. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:566-573. [PMID: 33608656 PMCID: PMC7893623 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections with SARS-CoV-2 can cause a multi-facetted disease, which is not only characterized by pneumonia and overwhelming systemic inflammatory immune responses, but which can also directly affect the digestive system and infect intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we review the current understanding of intestinal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 infection, its impact on mucosal function and immunology and summarize the effect of immune-suppression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on disease outcome of COVID-19 and discuss IBD-relevant implications for the clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Weidinger
- Department for Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious diseases, Rheumatology), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany,Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Nabil Hegazy
- Department for Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious diseases, Rheumatology), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany,Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Department for Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious diseases, Rheumatology), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department for Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious diseases, Rheumatology), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Arnold IC, Mathisen S, Schulthess J, Danne C, Hegazy AN, Powrie F. CD11c(+) monocyte/macrophages promote chronic Helicobacter hepaticus-induced intestinal inflammation through the production of IL-23. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:352-63. [PMID: 26242598 PMCID: PMC4650208 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel diseases, a breakdown in host microbial interactions accompanies sustained activation of immune cells in the gut. Functional studies suggest a key role for interleukin-23 (IL-23) in orchestrating intestinal inflammation. IL-23 can be produced by various mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) following acute microbial stimulation, but little is known about the key cellular sources of IL-23 that drive chronic intestinal inflammation. Here we have addressed this question using a physiological model of bacteria-driven colitis. By combining conditional gene ablation and gene expression profiling, we found that IL-23 production by CD11c(+) MNPs was essential to trigger intestinal immunopathology and identified MHCII(+) monocytes and macrophages as the major source of IL-23. Expression of IL-23 by monocytes was acquired during their differentiation in the intestine and correlated with the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) and CD64. In contrast, Batf3-dependent CD103(+) CD11b(-) dendritic cells were dispensable for bacteria-induced colitis in this model. These studies reinforce the pathogenic role of monocytes in dysregulated responses to intestinal bacteria and identify production of IL-23 as a key component of this response. Further understanding of the functional sources of IL-23 in diverse forms of intestinal inflammation may lead to novel therapeutic strategies aimed at interrupting IL-23-driven immune pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Arnold
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Mathisen
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Schulthess
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Danne
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A N Hegazy
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
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Stittrich AB, Haftmann C, Sgouroudis E, Kühl AA, Hegazy AN, Panse I, Riedel R, Flossdorf M, Dong J, Fuhrmann F, Heinz GA, Fang Z, Li N, Bissels U, Hatam F, Jahn A, Hammoud B, Matz M, Schulze FM, Baumgrass R, Bosio A, Mollenkopf HJ, Grün J, Thiel A, Chen W, Höfer T, Loddenkemper C, Löhning M, Chang HD, Rajewsky N, Radbruch A, Mashreghi MF. The microRNA miR-182 is induced by IL-2 and promotes clonal expansion of activated helper T lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1057-62. [PMID: 20935646 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
After being activated by antigen, helper T lymphocytes switch from a resting state to clonal expansion. This switch requires inactivation of the transcription factor Foxo1, a suppressor of proliferation expressed in resting helper T lymphocytes. In the early antigen-dependent phase of expansion, Foxo1 is inactivated by antigen receptor-mediated post-translational modifications. Here we show that in the late phase of expansion, Foxo1 was no longer post-translationally regulated but was inhibited post-transcriptionally by the interleukin 2 (IL-2)-induced microRNA miR-182. Specific inhibition of miR-182 in helper T lymphocytes limited their population expansion in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate a central role for miR-182 in the physiological regulation of IL-2-driven helper T cell-mediated immune responses and open new therapeutic possibilities.
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Hegazy AN, Klein C. Ex vivo priming of CD4 T cells converts immunological tolerance into effective antitumor immunity in a murine model of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2008; 22:2070-9. [PMID: 18633431 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor escape mechanisms in leukemia are not well defined. To dissect immunological mechanisms responsible for immune tolerance toward leukemia, we established a murine model system allowing clonotypic analysis of leukemia-specific CD4 T cells recognizing ovalbumin (OVA). Upon i.v. injection of genetically engineered leukemia cells, dendritic cells (DCs) engulfed, processed and presented OVA to OVA-specific CD4 T cells. Consequently, leukemia-specific T cells were primed in vivo as shown by expression of activation markers and proliferative responses. However, in spite of detectable CD4 T cell responses in vitro and in vivo, no effective anti-leukemia immunity was established. In contrast, adoptively transferred DO11.10 T cells that were primed ex vivo mediated effective antitumor immunity. Furthermore, ex vivo primed DO11.10 T cells showed high expression of Th1 cytokines (interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2) whereas in vivo primed OVA-specific CD4 T cells showed incomplete differentiation (proliferation without cytokine production). We conclude that activated T cells lacking effector function develop through incomplete differentiation in leukemia-bearing mice. Thus, priming conditions of leukemia-specific CD4 T cells critically determines the balance between immunity or tolerance toward leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hegazy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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