1
|
Thomas AX, Erklauer JC. Neurocritical care and neuromonitoring considerations in acute pediatric spinal cord injury. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2024; 49:101122. [PMID: 38677801 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2024.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Management of pediatric spinal cord injury (SCI) is an essential skill for all pediatric neurocritical care physicians. In this review, we focus on the evaluation and management of pediatric SCI, highlight a novel framework for the monitoring of such patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), and introduce advancements in critical care techniques in monitoring and management. The initial evaluation and characterization of SCI is crucial for improving outcomes as well as prognostication. While physical examination and imaging are the main stays of the work-up, we propose the use of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for challenging clinical scenarios. SSEPs allow for functional evaluation of the dorsal columns consisting of tracts associated with hand function, ambulation, and bladder function. Meanwhile, TMS has the potential for informing prognostication as well as response to rehabilitation. Spine stabilization, and in some cases surgical decompression, along with respiratory and hemodynamic management are essential. Emerging research suggests that targeted spinal cerebral perfusion pressure may provide potential benefits. This review aims to increase the pediatric neurocritical care physician's comfort with SCI while providing a novel algorithm for monitoring spinal cord function in the ICU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay X Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Erklauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thomas AX, Link N, Robak LA, Demmler‐Harrison G, Pao EC, Squire AE, Michels S, Cohen JS, Comi A, Prontera P, Verrotti di Pianella A, Di Cara G, Garavelli L, Caraffi SG, Fusco C, Zuntini R, Parks KC, Sherr EH, Hashem MO, Maddirevula S, Alkuraya FS, Contractar IAF, Neil JE, Walsh CA, Bellen HJ, Chao H, Clark RD, Mirzaa GM.
ANKLE2
‐related microcephaly: A variable microcephaly syndrome resembling Zika infection. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1276-1288. [PMID: 35871307 PMCID: PMC9380164 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Methods Results Interpretation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay X. Thomas
- Division Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas USA
| | - Nichole Link
- Department of Neurobiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Laurie A. Robak
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
| | - Gail Demmler‐Harrison
- Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
| | - Emily C. Pao
- Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle Washington USA
| | | | | | - Julie S. Cohen
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Anne Comi
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit University and Hospital of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Di Cara
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics Unit Azienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | | | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit Azienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Roberta Zuntini
- Medical Genetics Unit Azienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Kendall C. Parks
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Genetics University of California in San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Elliott H. Sherr
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Genetics University of California in San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Mais O. Hashem
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jennifer E. Neil
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas USA
- Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
- Department of Neuroscience Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
| | - Hsiao‐Tuan Chao
- Division Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
- Department of Neuroscience Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
- McNair Medical Institute The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation Houston Texas USA
| | - Robin D. Clark
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics Loma Linda University Loma Linda California USA
| | - Ghayda M. Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Brotman‐Baty Institute for Precision Medicine Seattle Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Erklauer JC, Thomas AX, Hong SJ, Appavu BL, Carpenter JL, Chiriboga-Salazar NR, Ferrazzano PA, Goldstein Z, Griffith JL, Guilliams KP, Kirschen MP, Lidsky K, Lovett ME, McLaughlin B, Munoz Pareja JC, Murphy S, O’Donnell W, Riviello JJ, Schober ME, Topjian AA, Wainwright MS, Simon DW. A Virtual Community of Practice: An International Educational Series in Pediatric Neurocritical Care. Children 2022; 9:children9071086. [PMID: 35884070 PMCID: PMC9316633 DOI: 10.3390/children9071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric neurocritical care (PNCC) is a rapidly growing field. Challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic on trainee exposure to educational opportunities involving direct patient care led to the creative solutions for virtual education supported by guiding organizations such as the Pediatric Neurocritical Care Research Group (PNCRG). Our objective is to describe the creation of an international, peer-reviewed, online PNCC educational series targeting medical trainees and faculty. More than 1600 members of departments such as pediatrics, pediatric critical care, and child neurology hailing from 75 countries across six continents have participated in this series over a 10-month period. We created an online educational channel in PNCC with over 2500 views to date and over 130 followers. This framework could serve as a roadmap for other institutions and specialties seeking to address the ongoing problems of textbook obsolescence relating to the rapid acceleration in knowledge acquisition, as well as those seeking to create new educational content that offers opportunities for an interactive, global audience. Through the creation of a virtual community of practice, we have created an international forum for pediatric healthcare providers to share and learn specialized expertise and best practices to advance global pediatric health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Erklauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.X.T.); (J.J.R.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ajay X. Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.X.T.); (J.J.R.J.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sue J. Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.J.H.); (N.R.C.-S.)
| | - Brian L. Appavu
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Jessica L. Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Maryland Children’s Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Nicolas R. Chiriboga-Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.J.H.); (N.R.C.-S.)
| | | | - Zachary Goldstein
- Division of Critical Care, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Griffith
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (J.L.G.); (K.P.G.)
| | - Kristin P. Guilliams
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (J.L.G.); (K.P.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Matthew P. Kirschen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.P.K.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Karen Lidsky
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville and Wolfson Children’s Hospital, Jacksonville, FL 322007, USA;
| | - Marlina E. Lovett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
| | - Brandon McLaughlin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; (B.M.); (W.O.)
| | - Jennifer C. Munoz Pareja
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Sarah Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Wendy O’Donnell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; (B.M.); (W.O.)
| | - James J. Riviello
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.X.T.); (J.J.R.J.)
| | - Michelle E. Schober
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care of the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Alexis A. Topjian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.P.K.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Mark S. Wainwright
- Division of Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA;
| | - Dennis W. Simon
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thomas AX, Riviello JJ, Davila-Williams D, Thomas SP, Erklauer JC, Bauer DF, Cokley JA. Pharmacologic and Acute Management of Spinal Cord Injury in Adults and Children. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2022; 24:285-304. [PMID: 35702419 PMCID: PMC9184374 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-022-00720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review provides guidance for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) management through an analytical assessment of the most recent evidence on therapies available for treating SCI, including newer therapies under investigation. We present an approach to the SCI patient starting at presentation to acute rehabilitation and prognostication, with additional emphasis on the pediatric population when evidence is available. Recent Findings Further studies since the Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS) demonstrated a potential functional outcome benefit with ultra-early surgical intervention ≤ 8 h post-SCI. Subsequent analysis of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS) II and NASCIS III trials have demonstrated potentially serious complications from intravenous methylprednisolone with limited benefit. Newer therapies actively being studied have demonstrated limited or no benefit in preclinical and clinical trials with insufficient evidence to support use in acute SCI treatment. Summary Care for SCI patients requires a multi-disciplinary team. Immediate evaluation and management are focused on preventing additional injury and restoring perfusion to the affected cord. Rapid assessment and intervention involve focused neurological examination, targeted imaging, and surgical intervention when indicated. There are currently no evidence-based recommendations for pathomechanistically targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay X. Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - James J. Riviello
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Daniel Davila-Williams
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sruthi P. Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jennifer C. Erklauer
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - David F. Bauer
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jon A. Cokley
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmed MM, Carrel AJ, Cruz Del Angel Y, Carlsen J, Thomas AX, González MI, Gardiner KJ, Brooks-Kayal A. Altered Protein Profiles During Epileptogenesis in the Pilocarpine Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654606. [PMID: 34122302 PMCID: PMC8194494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures and is a major contributor to the global burden of neurological disease. Although epilepsy can result from a variety of brain insults, in many cases the cause is unknown and, in a significant proportion of cases, seizures cannot be controlled by available treatments. Understanding the molecular alterations that underlie or are triggered by epileptogenesis would help to identify therapeutics to prevent or control progression to epilepsy. To this end, the moderate throughput technique of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) was used to profile changes in protein expression in a pilocarpine mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Levels of 54 proteins, comprising phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent components of major signaling pathways and cellular complexes, were measured in hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum of mice at six time points, spanning 15 min to 2 weeks after induction of status epilepticus. Results illustrate the time dependence of levels of the commonly studied MTOR pathway component, pS6, and show, for the first time, detailed responses during epileptogenesis of multiple components of the MTOR, MAPK, JAK/STAT and apoptosis pathways, NMDA receptors, and additional cellular complexes. Also noted are time- and brain region- specific changes in correlations among levels of functionally related proteins affecting both neurons and glia. While hippocampus and cortex are primary areas studied in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, cerebellum also shows significant time-dependent molecular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew J Carrel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yasmin Cruz Del Angel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ajay X Thomas
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marco I González
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amy Brooks-Kayal
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Link N, Chung H, Jolly A, Withers M, Tepe B, Arenkiel BR, Shah PS, Krogan NJ, Aydin H, Geckinli BB, Tos T, Isikay S, Tuysuz B, Mochida GH, Thomas AX, Clark RD, Mirzaa GM, Lupski JR, Bellen HJ. Mutations in ANKLE2, a ZIKA Virus Target, Disrupt an Asymmetric Cell Division Pathway in Drosophila Neuroblasts to Cause Microcephaly. Dev Cell 2019; 51:713-729.e6. [PMID: 31735666 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The apical Par complex, which contains atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Bazooka (Par-3), and Par-6, is required for establishing polarity during asymmetric division of neuroblasts in Drosophila, and its activity depends on L(2)gl. We show that loss of Ankle2, a protein associated with microcephaly in humans and known to interact with Zika protein NS4A, reduces brain volume in flies and impacts the function of the Par complex. Reducing Ankle2 levels disrupts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope morphology, releasing the kinase Ballchen-VRK1 into the cytosol. These defects are associated with reduced phosphorylation of aPKC, disruption of Par-complex localization, and spindle alignment defects. Importantly, removal of one copy of ballchen or l(2)gl suppresses Ankle2 mutant phenotypes and restores viability and brain size. Human mutational studies implicate the above-mentioned genes in microcephaly and motor neuron disease. We suggest that NS4A, ANKLE2, VRK1, and LLGL1 define a pathway impinging on asymmetric determinants of neural stem cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Link
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyunglok Chung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Angad Jolly
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program and MHG Graduate program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marjorie Withers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Burak Tepe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Priya S Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hatip Aydin
- Center of Genetics Diagnosis, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilgen B Geckinli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulay Tos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Dr. Sami Ulus Research and Training Hospital of Women's and Children's Health and Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedat Isikay
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, School of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Tuysuz
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ganesh H Mochida
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ajay X Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robin D Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program and MHG Graduate program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|