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Fairhurst RA, Knoepfel T, Buschmann N, Leblanc C, Mah R, Todorov M, Nimsgern P, Ripoche S, Niklaus M, Warin N, Luu VH, Madoerin M, Wirth J, Graus-Porta D, Weiss A, Kiffe M, Wartmann M, Kinyamu-Akunda J, Sterker D, Stamm C, Adler F, Buhles A, Schadt H, Couttet P, Blank J, Galuba I, Trappe J, Voshol J, Ostermann N, Zou C, Berghausen J, Del Rio Espinola A, Jahnke W, Furet P. Discovery of Roblitinib (FGF401) as a Reversible-Covalent Inhibitor of the Kinase Activity of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12542-12573. [PMID: 32930584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
FGF19 signaling through the FGFR4/β-klotho receptor complex has been shown to be a key driver of growth and survival in a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas, making selective FGFR4 inhibition an attractive treatment opportunity. A kinome-wide sequence alignment highlighted a poorly conserved cysteine residue within the FGFR4 ATP-binding site at position 552, two positions beyond the gate-keeper residue. Several strategies for targeting this cysteine to identify FGFR4 selective inhibitor starting points are summarized which made use of both rational and unbiased screening approaches. The optimization of a 2-formylquinoline amide hit series is described in which the aldehyde makes a hemithioacetal reversible-covalent interaction with cysteine 552. Key challenges addressed during the optimization are improving the FGFR4 potency, metabolic stability, and solubility leading ultimately to the highly selective first-in-class clinical candidate roblitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Fairhurst
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Knoepfel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Buschmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mah
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milen Todorov
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Nimsgern
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Ripoche
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Niklaus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Warin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Van Huy Luu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Madoerin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Wirth
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diana Graus-Porta
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kiffe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wartmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dario Sterker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Stamm
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Adler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Buhles
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Schadt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Couttet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Blank
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inga Galuba
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Trappe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Voshol
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ostermann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chao Zou
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Berghausen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Lempiäinen H, Couttet P, Bolognani F, Müller A, Dubost V, Luisier R, Del Rio Espinola A, Vitry V, Unterberger EB, Thomson JP, Treindl F, Metzger U, Wrzodek C, Hahne F, Zollinger T, Brasa S, Kalteis M, Marcellin M, Giudicelli F, Braeuning A, Morawiec L, Zamurovic N, Längle U, Scheer N, Schübeler D, Goodman J, Chibout SD, Marlowe J, Theil D, Heard DJ, Grenet O, Zell A, Templin MF, Meehan RR, Wolf RC, Elcombe CR, Schwarz M, Moulin P, Terranova R, Moggs JG. Identification of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster noncoding RNAs as novel candidate biomarkers for liver tumor promotion. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:375-86. [PMID: 23091169 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular events during nongenotoxic carcinogenesis and their temporal order are poorly understood but thought to include long-lasting perturbations of gene expression. Here, we have investigated the temporal sequence of molecular and pathological perturbations at early stages of phenobarbital (PB) mediated liver tumor promotion in vivo. Molecular profiling (mRNA, microRNA [miRNA], DNA methylation, and proteins) of mouse liver during 13 weeks of PB treatment revealed progressive increases in hepatic expression of long noncoding RNAs and miRNAs originating from the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster, a locus that has recently been associated with stem cell pluripotency in mice and various neoplasms in humans. PB induction of the Dlk1-Dio3 cluster noncoding RNA (ncRNA) Meg3 was localized to glutamine synthetase-positive hypertrophic perivenous hepatocytes, suggesting a role for β-catenin signaling in the dysregulation of Dlk1-Dio3 ncRNAs. The carcinogenic relevance of Dlk1-Dio3 locus ncRNA induction was further supported by in vivo genetic dependence on constitutive androstane receptor and β-catenin pathways. Our data identify Dlk1-Dio3 ncRNAs as novel candidate early biomarkers for mouse liver tumor promotion and provide new opportunities for assessing the carcinogenic potential of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Lempiäinen
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
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