Role and Regulation of Mechanotransductive HIF-1α Stabilisation in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) creates compressive and tensile strain in the periodontal ligament, causing circulation disorders. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) has been shown to be primarily stabilised by compression, but not hypoxia in periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) during mechanical strain, which are key regulators of OTM. This study aimed to elucidate the role of heparan sulfate integrin interaction and downstream kinase phosphorylation for HIF-1α stabilisation under compressive and tensile strain and to which extent downstream synthesis of VEGF and prostaglandins is HIF-1α-dependent in a model of simulated OTM in PDLF. PDLF were subjected to compressive or tensile strain for 48 h. In various setups HIF-1α was experimentally stabilised (DMOG) or destabilised (YC-1) and mechanotransduction was inhibited by surfen and genistein. We found that HIF-1α was not stabilised by tensile, but rather by compressive strain. HIF-1α stabilisation had an inductive effect on prostaglandin and VEGF synthesis. As expected, HIF-1α destabilisation reduced VEGF expression, whereas prostaglandin synthesis was increased. Inhibition of integrin mechanotransduction via surfen or genistein prevented stabilisation of HIF-1α. A decrease in VEGF expression was observed, but not in prostaglandin synthesis. Stabilisation of HIF-1α via integrin mechanotransduction and downstream phosphorylation of kinases seems to be essential for the induction of VEGF, but not prostaglandin synthesis by PDLF during compressive (but not tensile) orthodontic strain.

Impact of salt and the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT-5 on macrophages during mechanical strain

Myeloid cells regulate bone density in response to increased salt (NaCl) intake via the osmoprotective transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells-5 (NFAT-5). Because orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a pseudoinflammatory immunological process, we investigated the influence of NaCl and NFAT-5 on the expression pattern of macrophages in a model of simulated OTM. RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed for 4 h to 2 g cm^-2 compressive or 16% tensile or no mechanical strain (control), with or without the addition of 40 mm NaCl. We analyzed the expression of inflammatory genes and proteins [tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (Ptgs-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2)] by real-time-quantitative PCR and ELISA. To investigate the role of NFAT-5 in these responses, NFAT-5 was both constitutively expressed and silenced. Salt and compressive strain, but not tensile strain increased the expression of NFAT-5 and most tested inflammatory factors in macrophages. NaCl induced the expression of Ptgs-2/PG-E2 and TNF, whereas secretion of IL-6 was inhibited. Similarly, a constitutive expression of NFAT-5 reduced IL-6 expression, while increasing Ptgs-2/PG-E2 and TNF expression. Silencing of NFAT-5 upregulated IL-6 and reduced Ptgs-2/PG-E2 and TNF expression. Salt had an impact on the expression profile of macrophages as a reaction to compressive and tensile strain that occur during OTM. This was mediated via NFAT-5, which surprisingly also seems to play a regulatory role in mechanotransduction of compressive strain. Sodium accumulation in the periodontal ligament caused by dietary salt consumption might propagate local osteoclastogenesis via increased local inflammation and thus OTM velocity, but possibly also entail side effects such as dental root resorptions or periodontal bone loss.