1
|
Mullowney MW, Fiebig A, Schnizlein MK, McMillin M, Rose AR, Koval J, Rubin D, Dalal S, Sogin ML, Chang EB, Sidebottom AM, Crosson S. Microbially catalyzed conjugation of GABA and tyramine to bile acids. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0042623. [PMID: 38174933 PMCID: PMC10810215 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00426-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, regulate host metabolic processes, and influence physiology of the gut microbiota. Both the host and its microbiome contribute to enzymatic modifications that shape the chemical diversity of BAs in the gut. Several bacterial species have been reported to conjugate standard amino acids to BAs, but it was not known if bacteria conjugate BAs to other amine classes. Here, we show that Bacteroides fragilis strain P207, isolated from a bacterial bloom in the J-pouch of a patient with ulcerative colitis pouchitis, conjugates standard amino acids and the neuroactive amines γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and tyramine to deoxycholic acid. We extended this analysis to other human gut isolates and identified species that are competent to conjugate GABA and tyramine to primary and secondary BAs, and further identified diverse BA-GABA and BA-tyramine amides in human stool. A longitudinal metabolomic analysis of J-pouch contents of the patient from whom B. fragilis P207 was isolated revealed highly reduced levels of secondary bile acids and a shifting BA amide profile before, during, and after onset of pouchitis, including temporal changes in several BA-GABA amides. Treatment of pouchitis with ciprofloxacin was associated with a marked reduction of nearly all BA amides in the J-pouch. Our study expands the known repertoire of conjugated bile acids produced by bacteria to include BA conjugates to GABA and tyramine and demonstrates that these molecules are present in the human gut. IMPORTANCE BAs are modified in multiple ways by host enzymes and the microbiota to produce a chemically diverse set of molecules that assist in the digestive process and impact many physiological functions. This study reports the discovery of bacterial species that conjugate the neuroactive amines, GABA and tyramine, to primary and secondary BAs. We further present evidence that BA-GABA and BA-tyramine conjugates are present in the human gut, and document a shifting BA-GABA profile in a human pouchitis patient before, during, and after inflammation and antibiotic treatment. GABA and tyramine are common metabolic products of the gut microbiota and potent neuroactive molecules. GABA- and tyramine-conjugated BAs may influence receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms of humans and their gut microbes, and absorption of these molecules and their entry into enterohepatic circulation may impact host physiology at distal tissue sites. This study defines new conjugated bile acids in the human gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew K. Schnizlein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary McMillin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amber R. Rose
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason Koval
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sushila Dalal
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mullowney MW, Fiebig A, Schnizlein MK, McMillin M, Rose AR, Koval J, Rubin D, Dalal S, Sogin ML, Chang EB, Sidebottom AM, Crosson S. Microbially-catalyzed conjugation of GABA and tyramine to bile acids. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.25.559407. [PMID: 37808758 PMCID: PMC10557584 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, regulate host metabolic processes, and influence physiology of the gut microbiota. Both the host and its microbiome contribute to enzymatic modifications that shape the chemical diversity of BAs in the gut. Several bacterial species have been reported to conjugate standard amino acids to BAs, but it was not known if bacteria conjugate BAs to other amine classes. Here, we show that Bacteroides fragilis strain P207, isolated from a bacterial bloom in the J-pouch of a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC) pouchitis, conjugates standard amino acids and the neuroactive amines γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and tyramine to deoxycholic acid. We extended this analysis to other human gut isolates and identified species that are competent to conjugate GABA and tyramine to primary and secondary BAs, and further identified diverse BA-GABA and BA-tyramine amides in human stool. A longitudinal metabolomic analysis of J-pouch contents of the patient from whom B. fragilis P207 was isolated revealed highly reduced levels of secondary bile acids and a shifting BA amide profile before, during, and after onset of pouchitis, including temporal changes in several BA-GABA amides. Treatment of pouchitis with ciprofloxacin was associated with a marked reduction of nearly all BA amides in the J-pouch. Our study expands the known repertoire of conjugated bile acids produced by bacteria to include BA conjugates to GABA and tyramine and demonstrates that these molecules are present in the human gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Mullowney
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew K Schnizlein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary McMillin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Amber R Rose
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jason Koval
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sushila Dalal
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ashley M Sidebottom
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rose AR, Joshi M, Staretz ME, Wood M, Brettell TA. GC-MS analysis of eight aminoindanes using three derivatization reagents. J Forensic Sci 2023. [PMID: 37282977 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aminoindanes are a class of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) that have become more prevalent over the past decade. GC-MS is often utilized for identifying seized drugs and is well regarded for its ability to separate mixtures. However, certain aminoindanes have similar mass spectral data and require specific gas chromatographic stationary phases for separation. Derivatization is an alternative method that can be applied to GC-MS to enhance chromatographic results, providing more selective analysis in seized-drug identification. This study investigates derivatization techniques to provide options for forensic science laboratories in accurately identifying aminoindanes. Three derivatization reagents, N-methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA), heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA), and ethyl chloroformate (ECF) were evaluated for the analysis of eight aminoindanes by GC-MS using two common gas chromatographic stationary phases, Rxi®-5Sil MS and Rxi®-1Sil MS. All three derivatization methods successfully isolated eight aminoindanes, including the isomers 4,5-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (4,5-MDAI), and 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (5,6-MDAI) that could not be differentiated prior to derivatization. Reduced peak tailing and increased abundance were observed after derivatization for all the compounds, and mass spectra of the derivatives contained individualizing fragment ions that allowed for further characterization of the aminoindanes. This excluded 4,5-MDAI and 5,6-MDAI as they shared the same characteristic ions and were only distinguishable by their retention times. All three derivatization techniques used in this study allow for successful characterization of the aminoindanes and give forensic science laboratories flexibility in their analysis approach when they encounter these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Rose
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical, Physical, & Forensic Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Pennsylvania, Allentown, USA
| | - Monica Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marianne E Staretz
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical, Physical, & Forensic Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Pennsylvania, Allentown, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- Ocean County Sheriff's Department, Toms River, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas A Brettell
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical, Physical, & Forensic Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Pennsylvania, Allentown, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rose AR, Staretz ME, Joshi M, Wood M, Brettell TA. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of eight aminoindanes: 2-Aminoindane, N-methyl-2-, 5-methoxy-, 5-methoxy-6-methyl-, 4,5-methylenedioxy-, 5,6-methylenedioxy- and 5-iodo-2-aminoindane, and rasagiline. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e9207. [PMID: 34599535 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aminoindanes are one class of many new psychoactive substances that have emerged over the last decade. Analogues of 2-aminoindane (2-AI) are being encountered in crime laboratories and analytical data for most aminoindanes are limited. Interpretation and optimization of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data will enhance reliability in characterizing aminoindanes. METHODS This study focuses on the electron ionization mass spectrometric fragmentation of eight aminoindane analogues and the gas chromatographic separation of these eight aminoindane analogues using four different column stationary phases, Rxi®-1Sil MS, Rxi®-5Sil MS, Rxi®-35Sil MS, and Rxi®-624Sil MS. Split injection (25:1) was utilized and each column had the same configuration (30 m × 25 mm × 0.25 μm), with the exception of the Rxi®-624Sil MS column (30 m × 25 mm ×1.4 μm). RESULTS Mass spectra showed strong molecular ions for all aminoindanes, except for rasagiline that produced a uniquely abundant [M - 1] ion. Other characteristic fragmentation that was present for all the aminoindanes included indane and indene ions (m/z 115-117), the tropylium ion (m/z 91), and subsequent loss of diene to produce smaller ions that followed: phenyl (m/z 77), cyclopentadienyl (m/z 65), cyclobutadienyl (m/z 51), and cyclopropenyl (m/z 39). CONCLUSIONS Separation of eight aminoindanes was optimized, and linear retention indices were determined for the compounds on four capillary columns. Based on the retention data, all eight aminoindanes were resolved on an Rxi®-624Sil MS column. Each aminoindane exhibited unique fragmentation ions in the mass spectra to distinguish between similar analogues. The results of this study will strengthen the analytical profiles of 2-AI and seven analogues, assisting forensic scientists in their analysis and identification of these substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Rose
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Marianne E Staretz
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Monica Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- Ocean County Sheriff's Department, Toms River, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas A Brettell
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Allentown, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
We report the synthesis, interconversions and X-ray structures of a set of [mFe-nS]-type carbonyl clusters (where S = S2-, S22- or RS-; m = 2-3; n = 1-2). All of the clusters have been identified and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and 13C NMR. Reduction of the parent neutral dimer [μ2-(SPh)2Fe2(CO)6] (1) with KC8 affords an easily separable ∼1 : 1 mixture of the anionic, dimeric thiolate dimer K[Fe2(SPh)(CO)6(μ-CO)] (2) and the dianionic, sulfido trimer [K(benzo-15-crown-5)2]2[Fe3(μ3-S)(CO)9] (3). Oxidation of 2 with diphenyl-disulfide (Ph2S2) cleanly returns the starting material 1. The Ph-S bond in 1 can be cleaved to form sulfide trimer 3. Oxidation of sulfido trimer 3 with [Fc](PF6) in the presence of S8 cleanly affords the all-inorganic persulfide dimer [μ2-(S)2Fe2(CO)6] (4), a thermodynamically stable product. The inverse reactions to form 3 (dianion) from 4 (neutral) were not successful, and other products were obtained. For example, reduction of 4 with KC8 afforded the mixed valence Fe(i)/Fe(ii) species [((FeS2)(CO)6)2FeII]2- (5), in which the two {Fe2S2(CO)6}2- units serve as bidendate ligands to a Fe(ii) center. Another isolated product (THF insoluble portion) was recrystallized in MeCN to afford [K(benzo-15-crown-5)2]2[((Fe2S)(CO)6)2(μ-S)2] (6), in which a persulfide dianion bridges two {2Fe-S} moieties (dimer of dimers). Finally, to close the interconversion loop, we converted the persulfide dimer 4 into the thiolate dimer 1 by reduction with KC8 followed by reaction with the diphenyl iodonium salt [Ph2I](PF6), in modest yield. These reactions underscore the thermodynamic stability of the dimers 1 and 4, as well as the synthetic and crystallization versatility of using the crown/K+ counterion system for obtaining structural information on highly reduced iron-sulfur-carbonyl clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Patrick Shupp
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rose AR, Roy A, Cherian R, John G. Round pneumonias in adults. J Assoc Physicians India 2002; 50:285-6. [PMID: 12038669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Kinney ED, Rose AR. State laws to date remove impediments to PPO development--an update of state legislative activity. Health Law Vigil 1983; 6:15-7. [PMID: 10263294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
9
|
Rose AR. Anxiety and pain. Med Trial Tech Q 1970; 17:147-55. [PMID: 5494113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
10
|
|