Calcium-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors trigger neuronal nitric-oxide synthase activation to promote nerve cell death in an Src kinase-dependent fashion

In the retina information decoding is dependent on excitatory neurotransmission and is critically modulated by AMPA glutamate receptors. The Src-tyrosine kinase has been implicated in modulating neurotransmission in CNS. Thus, our main goal was to correlate AMPA-mediated excitatory neurotransmission with the modulation of Src activity in retinal neurons. Cultured retinal cells were used to access the effects of AMPA stimulation on nitric oxide (NO) production and Src phosphorylation. 4-Amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence mainly determined NO production, and immunocytochemistry and Western blotting evaluated Src activation. AMPA receptors activation rapidly up-regulated Src phosphorylation at tyrosine 416 (stimulatory site) and down-regulated phosphotyrosine 527 (inhibitory site) in retinal cells, an effect mainly mediated by calcium-permeable AMPA receptors. Interestingly, experiments confirmed that neuronal NOS was activated in response to calcium-permeable AMPA receptor stimulation. Moreover, data suggest NO pathway as a key regulatory signaling in AMPA-induced Src activation in neurons but not in glial cells. The NO donor SNAP (S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine) and a soluble guanylyl cyclase agonist (YC-1) mimicked AMPA effect in Src Tyr-416 phosphorylation, reinforcing that Src activation is indeed modulated by the NO pathway. Gain and loss-of-function data demonstrated that ERK is a downstream target of AMPA-induced Src activation and NO signaling. Furthermore, AMPA stimulated NO production in organotypic retinal cultures and increased Src activity in the in vivo retina. Additionally, AMPA-induced apoptotic retinal cell death was regulated by both NOS and Src activity. Because Src activity is pivotal in several CNS regions, the data presented herein highlight that Src modulation is a critical step in excitatory retinal cell death.

Mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasomal system interplay: relevance to Parkinson's disease

The cellular mechanisms that may underlie the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease are ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. The goal of this work was to elucidate the correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and UPS impairment, focusing on the role of oxidative stress. Our data revealed that mitochondria-DNA-depleted cells (rho0) are compromised at the mitochondrial and UPS levels and also show an alteration of the oxidative status. In parental cells (rho+), MPP(+) induced a clear inhibition of complex I activity, as well as an increase in ubiquitinylated protein levels, which was not observed in cells treated with lactacystin. Moreover, MPP(+) induced a decreased in the 20S chymotrypsin-like and peptidyl-glutamyl peptide hydrolytic-like proteolytic activities after 24 h of exposure. ROS production was increased in rho+ cells treated with MPP(+) or lactacystin, at early treatment periods. MPP(+) induced an increase in carbonyl group formation in rho+ cells. The results suggest that a mitochondrial alteration leads to an imbalance in the cellular oxidative status, inducing a proteasomal deregulation, which may exacerbate protein aggregation, and consequently degenerative events.