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Neekhra A, Tran J, Esfahani PR, Schneider K, Pham K, Sharma A, Chwa M, Luthra S, Gramajo AL, Mansoor S, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Memantine, Simvastatin, and Epicatechin Inhibit 7-Ketocholesterol-induced Apoptosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells But Not Neurosensory Retinal Cells In Vitro. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2020; 15:470-480. [PMID: 33133437 PMCID: PMC7591846 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v15i4.7781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose 7-ketocholesterol (7kCh), a natural byproduct of oxidation in lipoprotein deposits is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study was performed to investigate whether several clinical drugs can inhibit 7kCh-induced caspase activation and mitigate its apoptotic effects on retinal cells in vitro. Methods Two populations of retinal cells, human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and rat neuroretinal cells (R28) were exposed to 7kCh in the presence of the following inhibitors: Z-VAD-FMK (pan-caspase inhibitor), simvastatin, memantine, epicatechin, and Z-IETD-FMK (caspase-8 inhibitor) or Z-ATAD-FMK (caspase-12 inhibitor). Caspase-3/7, -8, and -12 activity levels were measured by fluorochrome caspase assays to quantify cell death. IncuCyte live-cell microscopic images were obtained to quantify cell counts. Results Exposure to 7kCh for 24 hours significantly increased caspase activities for both ARPE-19 and R28 cells (P< 0.05). In ARPE cells, pretreatment with various drugs had significantly lower caspase-3/7, -8, and -12 activities, reported in % change in mean signal intensity (msi): Z-VAD-FMK (48% decrease, P< 0.01), memantine (decreased 47.8% at 1 µM, P = 0.0039 and 81.9% at 1 mM, P< 0.001), simvastatin (decreased 85.3% at 0.01 µM, P< 0.001 and 84.8% at 0.05 µM, P< 0.001) or epicatechin (83.6% decrease, P< 0.05), Z-IETD-FMK (68.1% decrease, P< 0.01), and Z-ATAD-FMK (47.7% decrease, P = 0.0017). In contrast, R28 cells exposed to 7kCh continued to have elevated caspase-3/7, -8, and -12 activities (between 25.7% decrease and 17.5% increase in msi, P> 0.05) regardless of the pretreatment. Conclusion Several current drugs protect ARPE-19 cells but not R28 cells from 7kCh-induced apoptosis, suggesting that a multiple-drug approach is needed to protect both cells types in various retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Neekhra
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Julia Tran
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Parsa R Esfahani
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Khoa Pham
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Saurabh Luthra
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ana L Gramajo
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Saffar Mansoor
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Yadarola MB, Gramajo AL, Arrambide MP, Colombres GA, Juárez CP, Luna JD. Perfluorocarbon Liquid Vitreous Delamination and Wide-Angle Viewing System in the Management of Complicated Diabetic Retinal Detachment. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 19:452-9. [DOI: 10.1177/112067210901900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria B. Yadarola
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Centro de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba - Argentina
| | - Ana L. Gramajo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Centro de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba - Argentina
| | - Maria P. Arrambide
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Centro de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba - Argentina
| | - Gustavo A. Colombres
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Centro de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba - Argentina
| | - Claudio P. Juárez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Centro de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba - Argentina
| | - José D. Luna
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Centro de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba - Argentina
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Gramajo AL, Marquez GE, Torres VE, Juárez CP, Rosenstein RE, Luna JD. Therapeutic benefit of melatonin in refractory central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:1036-45. [PMID: 26160525 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of melatonin for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). METHODS Prospective comparative case series. A total of 13 patients with chronic CSCR were treated for 1 month: 8 patients were treated orally with 3 mg melatonin t.i.d., and 5 with placebo. All patients had 20/40 or worse Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the affected eye or presented an incapacitating scotoma. Most of the patients had previous failed treatments for their condition. Observational procedures included ETDRS BCVA, and complete ophthalmic examination. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed at day 1 and week 4. Fluorescein angiography was performed at baseline only for diagnostic purposes. Data were subjected to two-sample t-test statistical analysis. P-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS At 1-month follow-up, BCVA significantly improved in 87.5% of patients treated with melatonin (7 of 8 patients, P<0.05). All patients showed a mean significant reduction (P<0.01) of central macular thickness (CMT) when compared with the baseline, with 3 patients (37.5%) exhibiting complete resolution of subretinal fluid at 1-month follow-up. No significant side effects were observed. No changes in BCVA or CMT were noted in the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that melatonin is safe, well tolerated, and effective in the treatment of chronic CSCR, as it significantly improved BCVA and CMT in patients with this pathology. Further evaluations with longer follow-up and a larger patient population are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Gramajo
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G E Marquez
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V E Torres
- CIECS-CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C P Juárez
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J D Luna
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina
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Williams MA, Gramajo AL, Colombres GA, Caeiro JP, Juárez CP, Luna JD. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia endophthalmitis caused by surgical equipment contamination: an emerging nosocomial infection. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 9:383-7. [PMID: 25667741 PMCID: PMC4307668 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.143381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We report three cases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia endophthalmitis after uneventful extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation-related to surgical equipment contamination. CASE REPORT All patients developed acute, culture-positive endophthalmitis in a period ranging from 2 to 13 days. Cultures from vitreous tap, as well as those obtained from the hand-piece of the irrigation-aspiration system, revealed S. maltophilia as the causing infectious agent. All patients received intravitreal antibiotic treatment as initial therapy, nevertheless, visual disturbance continued to be present, hence pars plana vitrectomy was required. CONCLUSION Contamination of surgical-reusable equipment should be considered in addition to the well-known risk factors associated with development of endophthalmitis by S. maltophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Williams
- Romagosa Private Eye Center - VER Foundation, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Ana L Gramajo
- Romagosa Private Eye Center - VER Foundation, Cordoba, Argentina
| | | | - Juan P Caeiro
- Department of Infectology, Private Hospital of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Claudio P Juárez
- Romagosa Private Eye Center - VER Foundation, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - José D Luna
- Romagosa Private Eye Center - VER Foundation, Cordoba, Argentina
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Luthra S, Sharma A, Dong J, Neekhra A, Gramajo AL, Seigel GM, Kenney MC, Kuppermann BD. Effect of bevacizumab (Avastin (TM) ) on mitochondrial function of in vitro retinal pigment epithelial, neurosensory retinal and microvascular endothelial cells. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014; 61:705-10. [PMID: 24413824 PMCID: PMC3917387 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of bevacizumab on the mitochondrial function of human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19), rat neurosensory retinal (R28) and human microvascular endothelial (HMVEC) cells in culture. Materials and Methods: ARPE-19 and R28 cells were treated with 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 1 mg/ml of bevacizumab. The HMVEC cultures were treated with 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 1 mg/ml of bevacizumab or 1 mg/ml of immunoglobulin G (control). Mitochondrial function assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (MDA) was determined using the WST-1 assay. Results: Bevacizumab doses of 0.125 to 1 mg/ml for 5 days did not significantly affect the MDA of ARPE-19 cells. Bevacizumab treatment at 0.125 and 0.25 mg/ml (clinical dose) did not significantly affect the MDA of R28 cells; however, 0.50 and 1 mg/ml doses significantly reduced the R28 cell mitochondrial function. All doses of bevacizumab significantly reduced the MDA of proliferating and non-proliferating HMVEC. Conclusion: Bevacizumab exposure for 5 days was safe at clinical doses in both ARPE-19 and R28 retinal neurosensory cells in culture. By contrast, bevacizumab exposure at all doses show a significant dose-dependent decrease in mitochondrial activity in both the proliferating and non-proliferating HMVEC in vitro. This suggests a selective action of bevacizumab on endothelial cells at clinical doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA,
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Gramajo AL, Meyer M, Juárez CP, Luna JD. Long-term hypotony because of accidental break of a 23 g microcannula after transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2014; 8:183-186. [PMID: 25372434 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of long-lasting hypotony because of accidental break, with scleral tunnel entrapment, of a 23-gauge microcannula during transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. METHODS Interventional case report. An 80-year-old Spanish woman who underwent 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy presented at the postoperative ocular examination with irreversible, refractory low intraocular pressure of unknown cause. Two weeks after surgery, a piece of the microcannula was found at the inferotemporal sclerotomy site during a scheduled medical appointment. Surgical intervention was indicated to explore and remove the foreign body. RESULTS The day after foreign body extraction, the patient's pressure rose to normal levels. However, her visual acuity did not improve until 3 weeks later. CONCLUSION Transient postoperative hypotony is unsurprising after 23-gauge vitrectomy because of leakage of small-diameter open sclerotomies. However, when long-term low intraocular pressure fails to return to normal levels because of an unidentified condition, breaking of the microcannula piece with scleral tunnel entrapment may be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Gramajo
- Vitreoretinal Department, Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina
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Abstract
Aim: To explore the molecular pathophysiology that might explain the epidemiologic association between cigarette smoke and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by examining the effects of hydroquinone (HQ), a toxic compound present in high concentration in cigarette smoke-related tar, on human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), rat retinal neurosensory cells (R-28), and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC). Materials and Methods: ARPE-19, R-28, and HMVEC were treated for 24 h with four different concentrations of HQ (500 μM, 200 μM, 100 μM, 50 μM). Cell viability, caspase-3/7 activation, DNA laddering patterns, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were analyzed. Results: At 50 μM HQ, R-28 cells showed a significant decrease in cell viability compared with the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated controls. At the 100–500 μM concentrations, all three cell lines showed significant cell death (P < 0.001). In the ARPE-19, R-28, and HMVEC cultures, the caspase-3/7 activities were not increased at any of the HQ concentration. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the mechanism of cell death in all three cell lines was through non-apoptotic pathway. In addition, neuroretinal R-28 cells were more sensitive to HQ than the ARPE-19 and HMVEC cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin S. Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Marquez GE, Torres VE, Sanchez VM, Gramajo AL, Zelaya N, Peña FY, Juarez CP, Luna JD. Self-medication in Ophthalmology: A Questionnaire-based Study in an Argentinean Population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2012; 19:236-41. [DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2012.689076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Colombres GA, Gramajo AL, Arrambide MP, Juarez SM, Arevalo JF, Bar J, Juarez CP, Luna JD. Delayed corneal epithelial healing after intravitreal bevacizumab: a clinical and experimental study. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2011; 6:18-25. [PMID: 22454702 PMCID: PMC3306063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report corneal epithelial defects (CEDs) and delayed epithelial healing after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection and to describe delayed corneal epithelial healing with topical administration of bevacizumab in an experimental rabbit model. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on 850 eyes of 850 patients with neovascular eye disease and diabetic macular edema who had received 1.25 to 2.5 mg IVB. In the experimental arm of the study, photorefractive keratectomy was used to create a 3 mm CED in the right eyes of 18 New Zealand rabbits which were then randomized to three equal groups. All rabbits received topical antibiotics, additionally those in group A received topical bevacizumab and animals in group B were treated with topical corticosteroids. The rate of epithelial healing was assessed at different time points using slitlamp photography. RESULTS In the clinical study, seven eyes of seven subjects developed CEDs the day after IVB injection. All of these eyes had preexisting corneal edema. The healing period ranged from 3 to 38 days (average 11 days) despite appropriate medical management. In the experimental study, topical bevacizumab and corticosteroids both significantly hindered corneal epithelial healing at 12 and 24 hours. CONCLUSION Bevacizumab was demonstrated to cause CEDs in clinical settings. Moreover, corneal epithelial healing was delayed by topical application of bevacizumab, in the experimental model. These short-term results suggest that corneal edema may be considered as a risk factor for epithelial defects after IVB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana L Gramajo
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Silvina M Juarez
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Jorge Bar
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio P Juarez
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jose D Luna
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba, Argentina,Correspondence to: José D Luna, MD. Departamento de Oftalmología, Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundacion VER, Deán Funes 432, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina; Tel: +54 351 4211334, Fax: +54 351 4234848; e-mail:
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Yadarola MB, Gramajo AL, Arrambide MP, Colombres GA, Juárez CP, Luna JD. Author'S Reply. Eur J Ophthalmol 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/112067211002000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana L. Gramajo
- Centro de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba - Argentina
| | | | | | | | - José D. Luna
- Centro de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Córdoba - Argentina
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Gramajo AL, Zacharias LC, Neekhra A, Luthra S, Atilano SR, Chwa M, Brown DJ, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Mitochondrial DNA Damage Induced by 7-Ketocholesterol in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:1164-70. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Gramajo
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California; 2Departamento de Oftalmologia, Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa-Fundación VER, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Leandro C. Zacharias
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Aneesh Neekhra
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Saurabh Luthra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drishti Eye Centre, Dehradun, India
| | - Shari R. Atilano
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Donald J. Brown
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Baruch D. Kuppermann
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - M. Cristina Kenney
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California
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Patil AJ, Gramajo AL, Sharma A, Chwa M, Seigel GM, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Effects of Benzo(e)Pyrene on the Retinal Neurosensory Cells and Human Microvascular Endothelial CellsIn Vitro. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:672-82. [DOI: 10.1080/02713680903015892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Patil AJ, Gramajo AL, Sharma A, Seigel GM, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Differential effects of nicotine on retinal and vascular cells in vitro. Toxicology 2009; 259:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sharma A, Neekhra A, Gramajo AL, Patil J, Chwa M, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Effects of Benzo(e)Pyrene, a Toxic Component of Cigarette Smoke, on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:5111-7. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sharma
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; the
| | - Aneesh Neekhra
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; the2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and the
| | - Ana L. Gramajo
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; the3Departamento de Oftalmologia, Fundacion VER, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Jayaprakash Patil
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; the
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; the
| | - Baruch D. Kuppermann
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; the
| | - M. Cristina Kenney
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; the
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Luthra S, Dong J, Gramajo AL, Chwa M, Kim DW, Neekhra A, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. 7-Ketocholesterol activates caspases-3/7, -8, and -12 in human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Microvasc Res 2008; 75:343-50. [PMID: 18068200 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7kCh) is a major oxysterol found associated with vascular diseases. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were cultured with different concentrations of 7kCh with and without inhibitors. Cell viabilities and caspase activities were assessed. 7kCh caused loss of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Caspases-8, -12, and -3/7 but not caspase-9 were activated by 7kCh treatment. The 7kCh-induced caspase-8 activity was blocked partially by pre-treatment with z-VAD-fmk and z-IETD-fmk, a caspase-8 inhibitor. However, pre-treatment with z-ATAD-fmk, a caspase-12 inhibitor, followed by 7kCh exposure lead to significantly increased caspase-8 activity. This suggests that caspase-8 and caspase-12 pathways have unique inhibition patterns and that caspase-12 is likely not upstream and feeding into caspase-8 but the pathways may function in parallel to each other. Caspase-3/7 activation was inhibited partially by low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), z-VAD-fmk (pan-caspase inhibitor), and low doses (0.01 and 0.001 microM) of the cholesterol lowering drug, simvastatin. However, only LDL partially protected against 7kCh-induced loss of cell viability suggesting that caspase-independent pathways also contributed to the cell loss and that protection from oxysterol damage may require inhibition of multiple pathways. Moreover, our data suggest that oxysterols such as 7kCh can damage HMVECs cells in part via caspase-dependent apoptosis and may play a role in vascular and retinal diseases.
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Sánchez MC, Luna JD, Barcelona PF, Gramajo AL, Juarez PC, Riera CM, Chiabrando GA. Effect of retinal laser photocoagulation on the activity of metalloproteinases and the α2-Macroglobulin proteolytic state in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:644-50. [PMID: 17826767 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) reduces the incidence of severe visual loss in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The aim of the study was to determine the effect of PRP on the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and also on the alpha(2)-Macroglobulin (alpha(2)M) proteolytic state in the vitreous of eyes with PDR. Vitreous samples were obtained from patients undergoing vitrectomy for the treatment of retinal diseases: 17 with PDR and eight with idiopathic macular hole (MH). Qualitative evaluation of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation status was performed by gelatin zymography and quantitative assay was carried out for vitreous total protein content and alpha(2)M. The proteolytic state of alpha(2)M was evaluated by Western blotting. Although all vitreous samples contained proMMP-2, increased proMMP-9 and active MMP-9 were detected in PDR samples without PRP. In addition, after PRP the proMMP-9 activity was significantly decreased, whereas the proMMP-2 activity was not affected. Enhanced total protein and alpha(2)M concentrations were observed in all vitreous samples from PDR patients with and without previous PRP compared with samples from patients with MH. However, a differential proteolytic state of alpha(2)M, expressed as 180/85-90kDa ratio, was detected among PDR patients with and without PRP treatment. Whereas a low 180/85-90kDa ratio of alpha(2)M in vitreous of PDR patients without PRP was observed, a high proportion of 180kDa subunit was principally detected in PDR with PRP. These results demonstrate that PDR occurs with an enhanced activity of MMP-9 and activation of alpha(2)M by proteinases, which is reversed after PRP. In addition, we suggest that alpha(2)M plays a key role in the control and regulation of the ocular neovascularization involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic retinal diseases such as PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET)-Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Neekhra A, Luthra S, Chwa M, Seigel G, Gramajo AL, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Caspase-8, -12, and -3 activation by 7-ketocholesterol in retinal neurosensory cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:1362-7. [PMID: 17325185 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the caspase pathways involved with 7-ketocholesterol (7kCh)-induced apoptosis in rat R28 cells. METHODS R28 cells were exposed to 7kCh with or without low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Cell viability was measured by a trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Caspase-3, -8, -9, and -12 activities were measured by fluorochrome caspase assays. ARPE-19 cells were used as control for caspase-3 inhibition experiments. RESULTS R28 cultures showed decreased cell viability on 7kCh exposure compared with controls (P < 0.001), and this was reversed with LDL and LDL + z-VAD-fmk (P < 0.001). The 7kCh-treated R28 cultures had increased caspase-8 activity compared with controls (P < 0.001). This activity was blocked partially with LDL (P < 0.01) or LDL + z-VAD-fmk (P < 0.001) but not with z-VAD-fmk alone. Caspase-12 activity was increased after 7kCh treatment compared with controls (P < 0.01), and this activity was increased further with the addition of LDL. Caspase-3 activity in R28 cultures increased with 7kCh treatment compared with controls (P < 0.001). In R28 cultures, the z-VAD-fmk treatment did not blocked 7kCh-induced caspase-3 activity but did block activity in ARPE-19 cultures (P < 0.001). Caspase-9 was not activated by 7kCh treatment. CONCLUSIONS In R28 cells, 7kCh-induced apoptosis involves the caspase-3 along with the caspase-8 and caspase-12 pathways. LDL partially blocked 7kCh-induced caspase-8 activity but increased caspase-12 activities, suggesting that caspase-8 and caspase-12 pathways are independent of each other. The z-VAD-fmk inhibitor blocked caspase-3 activities in the homogeneous ARPE-19 cultures but not in the heterogeneous R28 cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Neekhra
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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Luthra S, Narayanan R, Marques LEA, Chwa M, Kim DW, Dong J, Seigel GM, Neekhra A, Gramajo AL, Brown DJ, Kenney MC, Kuppermann BD. Evaluation of in vitro effects of bevacizumab (Avastin) on retinal pigment epithelial, neurosensory retinal, and microvascular endothelial cells. Retina 2006; 26:512-8. [PMID: 16770256 DOI: 10.1097/01.iae.0000222547.35820.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the short-term in vitro safety of bevacizumab (Avastin) in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19), rat neurosensory retinal (R28), and human microvascular endothelial (HMVECad) cells. METHODS ARPE-19 and R28 cells were treated with 0.125 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, 0.50 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL of bevacizumab for 2, 6, and 24 hours. HMVECad cells were treated with 5 ng/mL of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and 0.125 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, 0.50 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL of either bevacizumab for 2, 6, and 24 hours or a nonspecific human purified immunoglobulin (IgG) for 24 hours. Cell viability was measured using trypan blue dye exclusion assay. RESULTS The cell viabilities of ARPE-19 cells, R28 cells, and HMVECad cells treated with bevacizumab were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that of untreated controls. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between viabilities of HMVECad cells treated with bevacizumab and IgG. CONCLUSION This study suggests that bevacizumab, at concentrations at or above the dose normally used in clinical practice, is not toxic to human retinal pigment epithelial, rat neurosensory retinal, or human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. This report is consistent with the recent report of lack of toxicity of intravitreal bevacizumab in rabbits as well as the lack of apparent toxicity in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Luthra
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
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