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Belgasmi H, Miles SJ, Sayyad L, Wong K, Harrington C, Gerloff N, Coulliette-Salmond AD, Guntapong R, Tacharoenmuang R, Ayutthaya AIN, Apostol LNG, Valencia MLD, Burns CC, Benito GR, Vega E. CaFÉ: A Sensitive, Low-Cost Filtration Method for Detecting Polioviruses and Other Enteroviruses in Residual Waters. Front Environ Sci 2022; 10:10.3389/fenvs.2022.914387. [PMID: 35928599 PMCID: PMC9344547 DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.914387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance has been used to identify polio cases and target vaccination campaigns since the inception of the Global Poliovirus Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988. To date, only Afghanistan and Pakistan have failed to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission. Circulation of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) continues to be a problem in high-risk areas of the Eastern Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian regions. Environmental surveillance (ES) is an important adjunct to AFP surveillance, helping to identify circulating polioviruses in problematic areas. Stools from AFP cases and contacts (>200,000 specimens/year) and ES samples (>642 sites) are referred to 146 laboratories in the Global Polio Laboratory Network (GPLN) for testing. Although most World Health Organization supported laboratories use the two-phase separation method due to its simplicity and effectiveness, alternative simple, widely available, and cost-effective methods are needed. The CAFÉ (Concentration and Filtration Elution) method was developed from existing filtration methods to handle any type of sewage or residual waters. At $10-20 US per sample for consumable materials, CAFÉ is cost effective, and all equipment and reagents are readily available from markets and suppliers globally. The report describes the results from a parallel study of CAFÉ method with the standard two-phase separation method. The study was performed with samples collected from five countries (Guatemala, Haïti, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines), run in three laboratories-(United States, Thailand and in the Philippines) to account for regional and sample-to-sample variability. Samples from each site were divided into two 500 ml aliquots and processed by both methods, with no other additional concentration or manipulation. The results of 338 parallel-tested samples show that the CAFÉ method is more sensitive than the two-phase separation method for detection of non-polio enteroviruses (p-value < 0.0001) and performed as well as the two-phase separation method for polioviruses detection with no significant difference (p-value > 0.05). The CAFÉ method is a robust, sensitive, and cost-effective method for isolating enteroviruses from residual waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Belgasmi
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stacey Jeffries Miles
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Chelsea Harrington
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nancy Gerloff
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela D Coulliette-Salmond
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- U.S Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ratigorn Guntapong
- Department of Medical Science, Enteric Viruses Section, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ratana Tacharoenmuang
- Department of Medical Science, Enteric Viruses Section, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Cara C. Burns
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gloria-Rey Benito
- Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Everardo Vega
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Alleman MM, Coulliette-Salmond AD, Wilnique P, Belgasmi-Wright H, Sayyad L, Wong K, Gue E, Barrais R, Rey-Benito G, Burns CC, Vega E. Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in Haïti (2017-2019): The Dynamic Process for the Establishment and Monitoring of Sampling Sites. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030505. [PMID: 33803868 PMCID: PMC8003210 DOI: 10.3390/v13030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haïti is at risk for wild poliovirus (WPV) importation and circulation, as well as vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) emergence. Environmental surveillance (ES) for polioviruses was established in Port au Prince and Gonaïves in 2016. During 2017–2019, initial ES sites were re-evaluated, and ES was expanded into Cap Haïtien and Saint Marc. Wastewater samples and data on weather, hour of collection, and sample temperature and pH were collected every 4 weeks during March 2017–December 2019 (272 sampling events) from 21 sites in Cap Haïtien, Gonaïves, Port au Prince, and Saint Marc. Samples were processed for the detection of polio and non-polio enteroviruses using the two-phase and “Concentration and Filter Elution” methodologies. Polioviruses were serotyped and underwent intra-typic characterization. No WPV or VDPVs were isolated. Sabin-like polioviruses (oral vaccine strain) of serotypes 1 and 3 were sporadically detected. Five of six (83%), one of six (17%), five of six (83%), and two of three (67%) sites evaluated in Cap Haïtien, Gonaïves, Port au Prince, and Saint Marc, respectively, had enterovirus isolation from >50% of sampling events; these results and considerations, such as watershed population size and overlap, influence of sea water, and excessive particulates in samples, were factors in site retention or termination. The evaluation of 21 ES sampling sites in four Haïtian cities led to the termination of 11 sites. Every-four-weekly sampling continues at the remaining 10 sites across the four cities as a core Global Polio Eradication Initiative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Alleman
- Polio Eradication Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-639-8703
| | - Angela D. Coulliette-Salmond
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.D.C.-S.); (C.C.B.); (E.V.)
- United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Pierre Wilnique
- Laboratory and Research, Division of Epidemiology, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP)), Port au Prince HT6110, Haiti; (P.W.); (R.B.)
| | | | | | - Kimberly Wong
- IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30346, USA; (H.B.-W.); (K.W.)
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Catoosa, OK 74015, USA;
| | - Edmund Gue
- Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Region of the Americas, Port au Prince HT6110, Haiti;
| | - Robert Barrais
- Laboratory and Research, Division of Epidemiology, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP)), Port au Prince HT6110, Haiti; (P.W.); (R.B.)
| | - Gloria Rey-Benito
- Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Cara C. Burns
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.D.C.-S.); (C.C.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Everardo Vega
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.D.C.-S.); (C.C.B.); (E.V.)
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Coulliette-Salmond AD, Alleman MM, Wilnique P, Rey-Benito G, Wright HB, Hecker JW, Miles S, Peñaranda S, Lafontant D, Corvil S, Francois J, Rossignol E, Stanislas M, Gue E, Faye PC, Castro CJ, Schmidt A, Ng TFF, Burns CC, Vega E. Haiti Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:1240-1248. [PMID: 31701857 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) environmental surveillance was established in Haiti in three sites each in Port-au-Prince and Gonaïves, where sewage and fecal-influenced environmental open water channel samples were collected monthly from March 2016 to February 2017. The primary objective was to monitor for the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) and the importation and transmission of wild polioviruses (WPVs). A secondary objective was to compare two environmental sample processing methods, the gold standard two-phase separation method and a filter method (bag-mediated filtration system [BMFS]). In addition, non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were characterized by next-generation sequencing using Illumina MiSeq to provide insight on surrogates for PVs. No WPVs or VDPVs were detected at any site with either concentration method. Sabin (vaccine) strain PV type 2 and Sabin strain PV type 1 were found in Port-au-Prince, in March and April samples, respectively. Non-polio enteroviruses were isolated in 75-100% and 0-58% of samples, by either processing method during the reporting period in Port-au-Prince and Gonaïves, respectively. Further analysis of 24 paired Port-au-Prince samples confirmed the detection of a human NPEV and echovirus types E-3, E-6, E-7, E-11, E-19, E-20, and E-29. The comparison of the BMFS filtration method to the two-phase separation method found no significant difference in sensitivity between the two methods (mid-P-value = 0.55). The experience of one calendar year of sampling has informed the appropriateness of the initially chosen sampling sites, importance of an adequate PV surrogate, and robustness of two processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Coulliette-Salmond
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary M Alleman
- Polio Eradication Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pierre Wilnique
- Division of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Gloria Rey-Benito
- Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Peñaranda
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donald Lafontant
- Division of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Salomon Corvil
- Division of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Jeannot Francois
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Emmanuel Rossignol
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Magalie Stanislas
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Edmond Gue
- Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization Region of the Americas, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Papa C Faye
- Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization Region of the Americas, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Christina J Castro
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.,Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cara C Burns
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Everardo Vega
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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