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Pavese V, Moglia A, Milani AM, Marino LA, Martinez MT, Torello Marinoni D, Botta R, Corredoira E. Advances in Quercus ilex L. breeding: the CRISPR/Cas9 technology via ribonucleoproteins. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1323390. [PMID: 38439988 PMCID: PMC10910054 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1323390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated technology represents a fascinating tool for modifying gene expression or mutagenesis as this system allows for obtaining transgene-free plants, avoiding exogenous DNA integration. Holm oak (Quercus ilex) has an important social, economic, and ecological role in the Mediterranean climate zones of Western Europe and North Africa and is severely affected by oak decline syndrome. Here we report the first example of the application of the CRISPR/Cas9-RNP technology in holm oak. Firstly, we evaluated the protoplast isolation from both in vitro leaves and proembryogenic masses. Proembryogenic masses represented the best material to get high protoplast yield (11 x 106 protoplasts/ml) and viability. Secondly, the protoplast transfection ability was evaluated through a vector expressing green fluorescence protein as marker gene of transfection, reaching a transfection percentage of 62% after 24 hours. CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs were successfully delivered into protoplasts resulting in 5.6% ± 0.5% editing efficiency at phytoene desaturase (pds) target genomic region. Protoplasts were then cultured in semisolid media and, after 45 days in culture, developed embryogenic calli were observed in a Murashige and Skoog media with half concentration of NH4NO3 and KNO3 supplemented with 0.1 mg/L benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pavese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonio Marino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Martinez
- Mision Biologica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniela Torello Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Corredoira
- Mision Biologica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Li R, Maioli A, Yan Z, Bai Y, Valentino D, Milani AM, Pompili V, Comino C, Lanteri S, Moglia A, Acquadro A. CRISPR/Cas9-Based Knock-Out of the PMR4 Gene Reduces Susceptibility to Late Blight in Two Tomato Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314542. [PMID: 36498869 PMCID: PMC9735651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight (LB) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), is a devastating disease and a serious concern for plant productivity. The presence of susceptibility (S) genes in plants facilitates pathogen proliferation; thus, disabling these genes may help provide a broad-spectrum and durable type of tolerance/resistance. Previous studies on Arabidopsis and tomato have highlighted that knock-out mutants of the PMR4 susceptibility gene are tolerant to powdery mildew. Moreover, PMR4 knock-down in potato has been shown to confer tolerance to LB. To verify the same effect in tomato in the present study, a CRISPR-Cas9 vector containing four single guide RNAs (sgRNAs: sgRNA1, sgRNA6, sgRNA7, and sgRNA8), targeting as many SlPMR4 regions, was introduced via Agrobacterium-tumefaciens-mediated transformation into two widely grown Italian tomato cultivars: 'San Marzano' (SM) and 'Oxheart' (OX). Thirty-five plants (twenty-six SM and nine OX) were selected and screened to identify the CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations. The different sgRNAs caused mutation frequencies ranging from 22.1 to 100% and alternatively precise insertions (sgRNA6) or deletions (sgRNA7, sgRNA1, and sgRNA8). Notably, sgRNA7 induced in seven SM genotypes a -7 bp deletion in the homozygous status, whereas sgRNA8 led to the production of fifteen SM genotypes with a biallelic mutation (-7 bp and -2 bp). Selected edited lines were inoculated with P. infestans, and four of them, fully knocked out at the PMR4 locus, showed reduced disease symptoms (reduction in susceptibility from 55 to 80%) compared to control plants. The four SM lines were sequenced using Illumina whole-genome sequencing for deeper characterization without exhibiting any evidence of mutations in the candidate off-target regions. Our results showed, for the first time, a reduced susceptibility to Phytophtora infestans in pmr4 tomato mutants confirming the role of KO PMR4 in providing broad-spectrum protection against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Li
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alex Maioli
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danila Valentino
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Valerio Pompili
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cinzia Comino
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Pavese V, Moglia A, Abbà S, Milani AM, Torello Marinoni D, Corredoira E, Martínez MT, Botta R. First Report on Genome Editing via Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) in Castanea sativa Mill. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5762. [PMID: 35628572 PMCID: PMC9145500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Castanea sativa is an important tree nut species worldwide, highly appreciated for its multifunctional role, in particular for timber and nut production. Nowadays, new strategies are needed to achieve plant resilience to diseases, climate change, higher yields, and nutritional quality. Among the new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a powerful tool to improve plant breeding in a short time and inexpensive way. In addition, the CRISPR/Cas9 construct can be delivered into the cells in the form of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), avoiding the integration of exogenous DNA (GMO-free) through protoplast technology that represents an interesting material for gene editing thanks to the highly permeable membrane to DNA. In the present study, we developed the first protoplast isolation protocol starting from European chestnut somatic embryos. The enzyme solution optimized for cell wall digestion contained 1% cellulase Onozuka R-10 and 0.5% macerozyme R-10. After incubation for 4 h at 25 °C in dark conditions, a yield of 4,500,000 protoplasts/mL was obtained (91% viable). The transfection capacity was evaluated using the GFP marker gene, and the percentage of transfected protoplasts was 51%, 72 h after the transfection event. The direct delivery of the purified RNP was then performed targeting the phytoene desaturase gene. Results revealed the expected target modification by the CRISPR/Cas9 RNP and the efficient protoplast editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pavese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Silvia Abbà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Daniela Torello Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Elena Corredoira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. Vigo, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.C.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Martínez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. Vigo, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.C.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Roberto Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
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Maioli A, Gianoglio S, Moglia A, Acquadro A, Valentino D, Milani AM, Prohens J, Orzaez D, Granell A, Lanteri S, Comino C. Simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Three PPO Genes Reduces Fruit Flesh Browning in Solanum melongena L. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:607161. [PMID: 33343607 PMCID: PMC7744776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.607161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidization of polyphenols, which in turn causes the browning of the eggplant berry flesh after cutting. This has a negative impact on fruit quality for both industrial transformation and fresh consumption. Ten PPO genes (named SmelPPO1-10) were identified in eggplant thanks to the recent availability of a high-quality genome sequence. A CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis approach was applied to knock-out three target PPO genes (SmelPPO4, SmelPPO5, and SmelPPO6), which showed high transcript levels in the fruit after cutting. An optimized transformation protocol for eggplant cotyledons was used to obtain plants in which Cas9 is directed to a conserved region shared by the three PPO genes. The successful editing of the SmelPPO4, SmelPPO5, and SmelPPO6 loci of in vitro regenerated plantlets was confirmed by Illumina deep sequencing of amplicons of the target sites. Besides, deep sequencing of amplicons of the potential off-target loci identified in silico proved the absence of detectable non-specific mutations. The induced mutations were stably inherited in the T1 and T2 progeny and were associated with a reduced PPO activity and browning of the berry flesh after cutting. Our results provide the first example of the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in eggplant for biotechnological applications and open the way to the development of eggplant genotypes with low flesh browning which maintain a high polyphenol content in the berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Maioli
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianoglio
- Crop Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Moglia
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Moglia
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Danila Valentino
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jaime Prohens
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Crop Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Crop Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cinzia Comino
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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Moglia A, Gianoglio S, Acquadro A, Valentino D, Milani AM, Lanteri S, Comino C. Identification of DNA methyltransferases and demethylases in Solanum melongena L., and their transcription dynamics during fruit development and after salt and drought stresses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223581. [PMID: 31596886 PMCID: PMC6785084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation through the activity of cytosine-5-methyltransferases (C5-MTases) and DNA demethylases plays important roles in genome protection as well as in regulating gene expression during plant development and plant response to environmental stresses. In this study, we report on a genome-wide identification of six C5-MTases (SmelMET1, SmelCMT2, SmelCMT3a, SmelCMT3b, SmelDRM2, SmelDRM3) and five demethylases (SmelDemethylase_1, SmelDemethylase_2, SmelDemethylase_3, SmelDemethylase_4, SmelDemethylase_5) in eggplant. Gene structural characteristics, chromosomal localization and phylogenetic analyses are also described. The transcript profiling of both C5-MTases and demethylases was assessed at three stages of fruit development in three eggplant commercial F1 hybrids: i.e. 'Clara', 'Nite Lady' and 'Bella Roma', representative of the eggplant berry phenotypic variation. The trend of activation of C5-MTases and demethylase genes varied in function of the stage of fruit development and was genotype dependent. The transcription pattern of C5MTAses and demethylases was also assessed in leaves of the F1 hybrid 'Nite Lady' subjected to salt and drought stresses. A marked up-regulation and down-regulation of some C5-MTases and demethylases was detected, while others did not vary in their expression profile. Our results suggest a role for both C5-MTases and demethylases during fruit development, as well as in response to abiotic stresses in eggplant, and provide a starting framework for supporting future epigenetic studies in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianoglio
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Danila Valentino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cinzia Comino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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Castagna F, Montemagni C, Maria Milani A, Rocca G, Rocca P, Casacchia M, Bogetto F. Prosody recognition and audiovisual emotion matching in schizophrenia: the contribution of cognition and psychopathology. Psychiatry Res 2013; 205:192-8. [PMID: 22985542 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ability to decode emotion in the auditory and audiovisual modality in a group of patients with schizophrenia, and to explore the role of cognition and psychopathology in affecting these emotion recognition abilities. Ninety-four outpatients in a stable phase and 51 healthy subjects were recruited. Patients were assessed through a psychiatric evaluation and a wide neuropsychological battery. All subjects completed the comprehensive affect testing system (CATS), a group of computerized tests designed to evaluate emotion perception abilities. With respect to the controls, patients were not impaired in the CATS tasks involving discrimination of nonemotional prosody, naming of emotional stimuli expressed by voice and judging the emotional content of a sentence, whereas they showed a specific impairment in decoding emotion in a conflicting auditory condition and in the multichannel modality. Prosody impairment was affected by executive functions, attention and negative symptoms, while deficit in multisensory emotion recognition was affected by executive functions and negative symptoms. These emotion recognition deficits, rather than being associated purely with emotion perception disturbances in schizophrenia, are affected by core symptoms of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Castagna
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Section, University of Turin, Via Cherasco, 11, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Rocc P, De Leo C, Eva C, Marchiaro L, Milani AM, Musso R, Ravizza L, Zanalda E, Bogetto F. Decrease of the D4 dopamine receptor messenger RNA expression in lymphocytes from patients with major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:1155-60. [PMID: 12452539 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(02)00253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The evaluation of the possible role of dopamine in psychiatric disorders has been limited by the relative inadequacy of tools. A tempting approach to examine alterations of dopaminergic system in major depression is to examine the expression of dopamine receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS D4 dopamine receptor (D4DR) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in PBMC from 12 patients with major depressive disorder was examined before and after an 8-week treatment with paroxetine at 20-50 mg/day. Ten healthy subjects were analyzed in parallel. The relative content of D4DR mRNA was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). using beta-actin as internal standard. RESULTS D4DR mRNA levels were significantly decreased in untreated depressed patients as compared to controls. D4DR mRNA expression returned to control levels after paroxetine treatment, when patients achieved a significant improvement of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results of our study suggest the role of PBMC D4DR mRNA expression as a peripheral marker of the central dopaminergic function in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rocc
- Psychiatric Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 11, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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