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Luigi M, Manglli A, Corrado CL, Tiberini A, Costantini E, Ferretti L, Tomassoli L, Bertin S. Development, Validation, and Application of Reverse Transcription Real-Time and Droplet Digital PCR Assays for the Detection of the Potyviruses Watermelon Mosaic Virus and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Cucurbits. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2364. [PMID: 37375989 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Among the cucurbit-infecting viruses, watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) (Potyvirus: Potyviridae) are responsible for severe symptoms on cucumber, melon, watermelon, and zucchini cultivations worldwide. In this study, reverse transcription real-time PCR (real-time RT-PCR) and droplet-digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assays targeting the coat protein (CP) genes of WMV and ZYMV were developed and validated according to the international standards of plant pest diagnosis (EPPO PM 7/98 (5)). First, the diagnostic performance of WMV-CP and ZYMV-CP real-time RT-PCRs was evaluated, and the assays displayed an analytical sensitivity of 10-5 and 10-3, respectively. The tests also showed an optimal repeatability, reproducibility and analytical specificity, and were reliable for the virus detection in naturally infected samples and across a wide range of cucurbit hosts. Based on these results, the real-time RT-PCR reactions were adapted to set up RT-ddPCR assays. These were the first RT-ddPCR assays aiming at the detection and quantification of WMV and ZYMV and showed a high sensitivity, being able to detect until 9 and 8 copies/µL of WMV or ZYMV, respectively. The RT-ddPCRs allowed the direct estimation of the virus concentrations and opened to a broad range of applications in disease management, such as the evaluation of partial resistance in breeding processes, identification of antagonistic/synergistic events, and studies on the implementation of natural compounds in the integrated management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Luigi
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Ariana Manglli
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Libia Corrado
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Tiberini
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Costantini
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Tomassoli
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bertin
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
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Costantini F, Lovecchio N, Nandimandalam M, Manglli A, Faggioli F, Biasin M, Manetti C, Roversi PF, Nascetti A, de Cesare G, Caputo D. Biomolecular Monitoring Tool Based on Lab-on-Chip for Virus Detection. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13050544. [PMID: 37232905 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-Chip (LoC) devices for performing real-time PCR are advantageous compared to standard equipment since these systems allow to conduct in-field quick analysis. The development of LoCs, where the components for performing the nucleic acid amplification are all integrated, can be an issue. In this work, we present a LoC-PCR device where thermalization, temperature control and detection elements are all integrated on a single glass substrate named System-on-Glass (SoG) obtained using metal thin-film deposition. By using a microwell plate optically coupled with the SoG, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR of RNA extracted from both a plant and human virus has been carried out in the developed LoC-PCR device. The limit of detection and time of analysis for the detection of the two viruses by using the LoC-PCR were compared with those achieved by standard equipment. The results showed that the two systems can detect the same concentration of RNA; however, the LoC-PCR performs the analysis in half of the time compared to the standard thermocycler, with the advantage of the portability, leading to a point-of-care device for several diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Costantini
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Lovecchio
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Manasa Nandimandalam
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ariana Manglli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Faggioli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Manetti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Augusto Nascetti
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero de Cesare
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Gentili A, Donati L, Bertin S, Manglli A, Ferretti L. First Report of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma fragariae' Infecting Hazelnut in Italy. Plant Dis 2022; 106:PDIS11212566PDN. [PMID: 35306852 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2566-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gentili
- CREA - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - L Donati
- CREA - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - S Bertin
- CREA - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - A Manglli
- CREA - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - L Ferretti
- CREA - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
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Luigi M, Manglli A, Dragone I, Antonelli MG, Contarini M, Speranza S, Bertin S, Tiberini A, Gentili A, Varvaro L, Tomassoli L, Faggioli F. Effects of Biochar on the Growth and Development of Tomato Seedlings and on the Response of Tomato Plants to the Infection of Systemic Viral Agents. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862075. [PMID: 35615512 PMCID: PMC9125222 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar is a rich carbon product obtained by pyrolysis of biomass under a limited supply of oxygen. It is composed mainly of aromatic molecules, but its agronomic value is hard to evaluate and difficult to predict due to its great variable characteristics depending on the type of starting biomass and the conditions of pyrolysis. Anyway, it could be used as soil amendment because it increases the soil fertility of acidic soils, increases the agricultural productivity, and seems to provide protection against some foliar and soilborne diseases. In this study, the effects of biochar, obtained from olive pruning, have been evaluated on tomato seedlings growth and on their response to systemic agents' infection alone or added with beneficial microorganisms (Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma spp.). First, experimental data showed that biochar seems to promote the development of the tomato seedlings, especially at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20% (w/w with peat) without showing any antimicrobial effects on the beneficial soil bacteria at the tomato rhizosphere level and even improving their growth. Thus, those concentrations were used in growing tomato plants experimentally infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). The biochar effect was estimated by evaluating three parameters, namely, symptom expression, number of infected plants, and pathogen quantification, using RT-qPCR technique and −ΔΔCt analysis. Biochar at 10–15% and when added with Trichoderma spp. showed that it reduces the replication of PSTVd and the expression of symptoms even if it was not able to block the start of infection. The results obtained on TSWV-infected plants suggested that biochar could contribute to reducing both infection rate and virus replication. For systemic viral agents, such as PSTVd and TSWV, there are no curative control methods, and therefore, the use of prevention means, as can be assumed the use biochar, for example, in the nursery specialized in horticultural crops, can be of great help. These results can be an encouraging starting point to introduce complex biochar formulates among the sustainable managing strategies of plant systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Luigi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
| | - Ariana Manglli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
| | - Immacolata Dragone
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Contarini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefano Speranza
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bertin
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Tiberini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gentili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Varvaro
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Tomassoli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Faggioli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Faggioli
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Donati L, Bertin S, Gentili A, Luigi M, Taglienti A, Manglli A, Tiberini A, Brasili E, Sciubba F, Pasqua G, Ferretti L. Effects of Organic Biostimulants Added with Zeolite on Zucchini Squash Plants Infected by Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030607. [PMID: 35337014 PMCID: PMC8952782 DOI: 10.3390/v14030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of organic substances in integrated pest management can contribute to human- and environment-safe crop production. In the present work, a combination of organic biostimulants (Fullcrhum Alert and BioVeg 500) and an inorganic corroborant (Clinogold, zeolite) was tested for the effects on the plant response to the quarantine pest tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). Biostimulants were applied to healthy and infected greenhouse-grown zucchini plants, and the vegetative parameters and viral titer were evaluated. Although no antiviral effects were observed in terms of both virus replication and symptom expression, these biostimulants were shown to influence plant fitness. A significant increase in biomass and in leaf, flower, and fruit production was induced in both healthy and infected plants. Biostimulants also enhanced the production of metabolites commonly involved in plant response to virus infection, such as carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids and free amino acids. These results encourage new field trials to evaluate the actual productivity of infected plants after treatments and the possible application of organic biostimulants in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Donati
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Bertin
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Andrea Gentili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Marta Luigi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Anna Taglienti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Ariana Manglli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Antonio Tiberini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Elisa Brasili
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
- NMR-based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
- NMR-based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
- NMR-based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
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Tiberini A, Manglli A, Taglienti A, Vučurović A, Brodarič J, Ferretti L, Luigi M, Gentili A, Mehle N. Development and Validation of a One-Step Reverse Transcription Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Tomato Mottle Mosaic Virus and Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus. Plants 2022; 11:plants11040489. [PMID: 35214821 PMCID: PMC8878898 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobamovirus species represent a threat to solanaceous crops worldwide, due to their extreme stability and because they are seed borne. In particular, recent outbreaks of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato and pepper crops led to the establishment of prompt control measures, and the need for reliable diagnosis was urged. Another member of the genus, tomato mottle mosaic virus, has recently gained attention due to reports in different continents and its common features with tomato brown rugose fruit virus. In this study, a new real-time RT-PCR detection system was developed for tomato brown rugose fruit virus and tomato mottle mosaic virus on tomato leaves and seeds using TaqMan chemistry. This test was designed to detect tomato mottle mosaic virus by amplifying the movement protein gene in a duplex assay with the tomato brown rugose fruit virus target on the CP-3’NTR region, which was previously validated as a single assay. The performance of this test was evaluated, displaying analytical sensitivity 10−5–10−6-fold dilution for seeds and leaves, respectively, and good analytical specificity, repeatability, and reproducibility. Using the newly developed and validated test, tomato brown rugose fruit virus detection was 100% concordant with previously performed analyses on 106 official samples collected in 2021 from different continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tiberini
- CREA—Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.); (M.L.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ariana Manglli
- CREA—Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.); (M.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Taglienti
- CREA—Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.); (M.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Ana Vučurović
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.V.); (J.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Jakob Brodarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.V.); (J.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Luca Ferretti
- CREA—Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.); (M.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Marta Luigi
- CREA—Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.); (M.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Gentili
- CREA—Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.); (M.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Nataša Mehle
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.V.); (J.B.); (N.M.)
- School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, Dvorec Lanthieri, Glavni trg 8, SI-5271 Vipava, Slovenia
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Luigi M, Manglli A, Tiberini A, Bertin S, Ferretti L, Taglienti A, Faggioli F, Tomassoli L. Inter-Laboratory Comparison of RT-PCR-Based Methods for the Detection of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus on Tomato. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020207. [PMID: 35215150 PMCID: PMC8877712 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, a test performance study (TPS) for the specific detection of tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) was organized in the frame of the H2020 Valitest project. Since no validated tests were available, all the protocols reported in the literature were at first screened, performing preliminary studies in accordance with the EPPO standard PM 7/98 (4). Five molecular tests, two conventional RT-PCR and three real-time RT-PCR were found to be suitable and were included in the TPS. Thirty-four laboratories from 18 countries worldwide took part in TPS, receiving a panel of 22 blind samples. The panel consisted of sap belonging to symptomatic or asymptomatic leaves of Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annuum. The results returned by each laboratory were analyzed and diagnostic parameters were assessed for each test: reproducibility, repeatability, analytical sensitivity, diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity. All the evaluated tests resulted in being reliable in detecting ToBRFV and were included in an EPPO Standard PM 7/146—Diagnostics.
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Bertin S, Manglli A, McLeish M, Tomassoli L. Genetic variability of watermelon mosaic virus isolates infecting cucurbit crops in Italy. Arch Virol 2020; 165:937-946. [PMID: 32185511 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV; genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) is responsible for serious cucurbit yield losses worldwide. Different WMV genetic groups have been characterized so far. Among these, the "classical" (CL) group has been present in the Mediterranean basin for 40 years, whereas the "emergent" (EM) group includes isolates that are associated with more-severe symptoms observed since 2000. Information on the spatial and temporal evolution of WMV isolates in Italy is currently sparse. In this study, 39 WMV isolates samples collected in different regions over the last two decades were analysed at two different genomic regions that are known to be highly variable and contain recombination breakpoints. Most of the isolates collected between 2002 and 2009 were found to belong to the CL group, whereas the isolates from 2012 onwards were classified as EM, indicating that EM isolates have progressively displaced the CL population in Italy. Although genetic variability was observed within both CL and EM groups and recombinant isolates were detected, no positive selection or haplotype geographic structure were inferred. This suggest that the shift from CL to EM populations was likely due to multiple introductions of EM isolates in different regions of Italy rather than from genetic differentiation of local populations. The progressive increase in prevalence of the highly virulent EM populations is a serious concern because of their symptom severity, and the presence of multiple EM variants that include recombinants necessitates new efforts to develop durable control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bertin
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ariana Manglli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Tomassoli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luigi
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura ‐ Plant Pathology Research CentreVia C.G. Bertero22 ‐ 00156RomeItaly
| | - A. Manglli
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura ‐ Plant Pathology Research CentreVia C.G. Bertero22 ‐ 00156RomeItaly
- Department of Agricultural and Forest System Management“Mediterranea” University of Reggio CalabriaLoc. Feo di Vito89122Reggio CalabriaRomeItaly
| | - L. Tomassoli
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura ‐ Plant Pathology Research CentreVia C.G. Bertero22 ‐ 00156RomeItaly
| | - F. Faggioli
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura ‐ Plant Pathology Research CentreVia C.G. Bertero22 ‐ 00156RomeItaly
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