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Siddiqui J, Taheri M, Alam AU, Deen MJ. Nanomaterials in Smart Packaging Applications: A Review. Small 2022; 18:e2101171. [PMID: 34514693 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Food wastage is a critical and world-wide issue resulting from an excess of food supply, poor food storage, poor marketing, and unstable markets. Since food quality depends on consumer standards, it becomes necessary to monitor the quality to ensure it meets those standards. Embedding sensors with active nanomaterials in food packaging enables customers to monitor the quality of their food in real-time. Though there are many different sensors that can monitor food quality and safety, pH sensors and time-temperature indicators (TTIs) are the most critical metrics in indicating quality. This review showcases some of the recent progress, their importance, preconditions, and the various future needs of pH sensors and TTIs in food packaging for smart sensors in food packaging applications. In discussing these topics, this review includes the materials used to make these sensors, which vary from polymers, metals, metal-oxides, carbon-based materials; and their modes of fabrication, ranging from thin or thick film deposition methods, solution-based chemistry, and electrodeposition. By discussing the use of these materials, novel fabrication process, and problems for the two sensors, this review offers solutions to a brighter future for the use of nanomaterials for pH indicator and TTIs in food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Siddiqui
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mahtab Taheri
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Arif Ul Alam
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M Jamal Deen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Abstract
Free chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant in the water industry. Accurate monitoring of the residual free chlorine concentration in water cycles is critical to maintain public health safety. Here, we report on a thin gold film-based reusable and reagent-less free chlorine sensor. A gold thin film of 300 nm thickness was deposited on a polyimide tape, which was placed on a glass substrate and a simple Styrofoam adhesive tape was used to cover the film and expose 0.36 cm2 circular area as the sensing surface. The sensor showed a high sensitivity of 0.327 μA ppm-1, with a linear range of 0 to 6 ppm, and an accuracy of <0.1 ppm with high selectivity in the presence of commonly interfering ions. The sensor response time was 50 s with a negligible hysteresis of 0.06 ppm. The sensor showed very little change in output current in the pH range between 5.2 to 8.4, and temperature range of 20 to 30 °C. Therefore, the sensor operation is reagent-less, does not need frequent calibration, and showed consistent sensing performance with real water samples. The simple fabrication, ease-of-use and reliable sensing performance of the proposed sensor shows feasibility for mass-production and application in remote and resource-limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ul Alam
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4 K1, Canada.
| | - Dennis Clyne
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4 K1, Canada.
| | - Will Lush
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4 K1, Canada and Environmental Bio-Detection Products Inc., 735 Griffith Ct, Burlington, ON L7L 5R9, Canada
| | - M Jamal Deen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4 K1, Canada. and School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4 K1, Canada
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Alam AU, Qin Y, Catalano M, Wang L, Kim MJ, Howlader MMR, Hu NX, Deen MJ. Tailoring MWCNTs and β-Cyclodextrin for Sensitive Detection of Acetaminophen and Estrogen. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:21411-21427. [PMID: 29856206 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of trace amount of acetaminophen and estrogen in drinking water is of great importance because of their potential links to gastrointestinal diseases and breast and prostate cancers. The sensitive and accurate detection of acetaminophen and estrogen requires the development of advanced sensing materials that possess appropriate number of analyte-capturing sites and suitable signal conduction path. This can be achieved by implementing appropriate chemical attachment of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and β-cyclodextrin (βCD). Here, we report a systematic investigation of four types of modified MWCNT-βCD: (1) physical mixing, (2) "click reaction", (3) thionyl chloride esterification, and (4) Steglich esterification. The Steglich esterification is a one-step approach with shorter reaction time, lower reaction temperature, and eliminates handling of air/moisture-sensitive reagents. MWCNT-βCD prepared by Steglich esterification possessed moderate βCD loading (5-10 wt %), large effective surface area, and fast electron transfer. The host-guest interaction of βCD and redox properties of MWCNT enabled sensitive detection of acetaminophen and 17β-estradiol (E2 is a primary female sex hormone) in the range of 0.005-20 and 0.01-15 μM, with low detection limits of 3.3 and 2.5 nM, respectively. We demonstrated accurate detection results of pharmaceutical compositions in water and urine samples. These results indicate that Steglich esterification method may be applied in fabricating pharmaceutical contaminants sensors for health and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ul Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4K1 , Canada
- Advanced Materials Laboratory , Xerox Research Centre of Canada , 2660 Speakman Drive , Mississauga , Ontario L5K 2L1 , Canada
| | - Yiheng Qin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4K1 , Canada
- Advanced Materials Laboratory , Xerox Research Centre of Canada , 2660 Speakman Drive , Mississauga , Ontario L5K 2L1 , Canada
| | - Massimo Catalano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
- CNR-IMM , Via Monteroni, ed.A3 , Lecce 73100 , Italy
| | - Luhua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Moon J Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Matiar M R Howlader
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4K1 , Canada
| | - Nan-Xing Hu
- Advanced Materials Laboratory , Xerox Research Centre of Canada , 2660 Speakman Drive , Mississauga , Ontario L5K 2L1 , Canada
| | - M Jamal Deen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4K1 , Canada
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Abstract
A sequential plasma-activated bonding technology is developed for the low-temperature direct bonding of liquid crystal polymer to glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ul Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Yiheng Qin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | | | - M. Jamal Deen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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Howlader MMR, Ul Alam A, Sharma RP, Deen MJ. Materials analyses and electrochemical impedance of implantable metal electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10135-45. [PMID: 25790136 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Implantable electrodes with high flexibility, high mechanical fixation and low electrochemical impedance are desirable for neuromuscular activation because they provide safe, effective and stable stimulation. In this paper, we report on detailed materials and electrical analyses of three metal implantable electrodes - gold (Au), platinum (Pt) and titanium (Ti) - using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning acoustic microscopy, drop shape analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We investigated the cause of changes in electrochemical impedance of long-term immersed Au, Pt and Ti electrodes on liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). We analyzed the surface wettability, surface and interface defects and the elemental depth profile of the electrode-adhesion layers on the LCP. The impedance of the electrodes decreased at lower frequencies, but increased at higher frequencies compared with that of the short-term immersion. The increase of impedances was influenced by the oxidation of the electrode/adhesion-layers that affected the double layer capacitance behavior of the electrode/PBS. The oxidation of the adhesion layer for all the electrodes was confirmed by XPS. Alkali ions (sodium) were adsorbed on the Au and Pt surfaces, but diffused into the Ti electrode and LCPs. The Pt electrode showed a higher sensitivity to surface and interface defects than that of Ti and Au electrodes. These findings may be useful when designing electrodes for long-term implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matiar M R Howlader
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli (ATCC No. 8739) can use a variety of alkyl and aminoalkylphosphonic acids as a source of phosphorus during growth. Chloromethylphosphonate, phenylphosphonate, hydroxymethylphosphonate, and 2-aminoethylphosphonate will act as a source of phosphorus during growth in the absence of inorganic phosphate. No growth occurs when methylene diphosphonic acid is substituted for inorganic phosphate. Cleavage of the carbon to phosphorus bond of these aromatic and substituted alkyl phosphonic acids during growth is indicated by these growth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Alam
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A & M University, 77843, College Station, Texas
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