1
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Laine VN, Pulliainen AT, Lilley TM. Reference genome for the Northern bat (Eptesicus nilssonii), a most northern bat species. J Hered 2024; 115:149-154. [PMID: 37791665 PMCID: PMC10838120 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The northern bat (Eptesicus nilssonii) is the most northern bat species in the world. Its distribution covers whole Eurasia, and the species is thus well adapted to different habitat types. However, recent population declines have been reported and rapid conservation efforts are needed. Here we present a high-quality de novo genome assembly of a female northern bat from Finland (BLF_Eptnil_asm_v1.0). The assembly was generated using a combination of Pacbio and Omni-C technologies. The primary assembly comprises 726 scaffolds spanning 2.0 Gb, represented by a scaffold N50 of 102 Mb, a contig N50 of 66.2 Mb, and a BUSCO completeness score of 93.73%. Annotation of the assembly identified 20,250 genes. This genome will be an important resource for the conservation and evolutionary genomic studies especially in understanding how rapid environmental changes affect northern species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika N Laine
- BatLab Finland, Zoology unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Thomas M Lilley
- BatLab Finland, Zoology unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Jia J, Zoeschg M, Barth H, Pulliainen AT, Ernst K. The Chaperonin TRiC/CCT Inhibitor HSF1A Protects Cells from Intoxication with Pertussis Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:36. [PMID: 38251252 PMCID: PMC10819386 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a bacterial AB5-toxin produced by Bordetella pertussis and a major molecular determinant of pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease. In this study, we investigate the protective effects of the chaperonin TRiC/CCT inhibitor, HSF1A, against PT-induced cell intoxication. TRiC/CCT is a chaperonin complex that facilitates the correct folding of proteins, preventing misfolding and aggregation, and maintaining cellular protein homeostasis. Previous research has demonstrated the significance of TRiC/CCT in the functionality of the Clostridioides difficile TcdB AB-toxin. Our findings reveal that HSF1A effectively reduces the levels of ADP-ribosylated Gαi, the specific substrate of PT, in PT-treated cells, without interfering with enzyme activity in vitro or the cellular binding of PT. Additionally, our study uncovers a novel interaction between PTS1 and the chaperonin complex subunit CCT5, which correlates with reduced PTS1 signaling in cells upon HSF1A treatment. Importantly, HSF1A mitigates the adverse effects of PT on cAMP signaling in cellular systems. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of PT uptake and suggest a promising starting point for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to counteract pertussis toxin-mediated pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Jia
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuel Zoeschg
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Ernst
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Ran M, Sun R, Yan J, Pulliainen AT, Zhang Y, Zhang H. DNA Nanoflower Eye Drops with Antibiotic-Resistant Gene Regulation Ability for MRSA Keratitis Target Treatment. Small 2023; 19:e2304194. [PMID: 37490549 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm-associated bacterial keratitis is highly intractable, with strong resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Inhibiting the MRSA resistance gene mecR1 to downregulate penicillin-binding protein PBP2a has been implicated in the sensitization of β-lactam antibiotics to MRSA. However, oligonucleotide gene regulators struggle to penetrate dense biofilms, let alone achieve efficient gene regulation inside bacteria cells. Herein, an eye-drop system capable of penetrating biofilms and targeting bacteria for chemo-gene therapy in MRSA-caused bacterial keratitis is developed. This system employed rolling circle amplification to prepare DNA nanoflowers (DNFs) encoding MRSA-specific aptamers and mecR1 deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes). Subsequently, β-lactam antibiotic ampicillin (Amp) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are sequentially loaded into the DNFs (ZnO/Amp@DNFs). Upon application, ZnO on the surface of the nanosystem disrupts the dense structure of biofilm and fully exposes free bacteria. Later, bearing encoded aptamer, the nanoflower system is intensively endocytosed by bacteria, and releases DNAzyme under acidic conditions to cleave the mecR1 gene for PBP2a down-regulation, and ampicillin for efficient MRSA elimination. In vivo tests showed that the system effectively cleared bacterial and biofilm in the cornea, suppressed proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor neocrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and is safe for corneal epithelial cells. Overall, this design offers a promising approach for treating MRSA-induced keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixin Ran
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325015, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Rong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325015, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325015, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
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4
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Jia J, Braune-Yan M, Lietz S, Wahba M, Pulliainen AT, Barth H, Ernst K. Domperidone Inhibits Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin and Bordetella pertussis Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:412. [PMID: 37505681 PMCID: PMC10467066 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis toxin (PT) and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin are ADP-ribosylating toxins causing severe diseases in humans and animals. They share a common translocation mechanism requiring the cellular chaperones Hsp90 and Hsp70, cyclophilins, and FK506-binding proteins to transport the toxins' enzyme subunits into the cytosol. Inhibitors of chaperone activities have been shown to reduce the amount of transported enzyme subunits into the cytosol of cells, thus protecting cells from intoxication by these toxins. Recently, domperidone, an approved dopamine receptor antagonist drug, was found to inhibit Hsp70 activity. Since Hsp70 is required for cellular toxin uptake, we hypothesized that domperidone also protects cells from intoxication with PT and C2. The inhibition of intoxication by domperidone was demonstrated by analyzing the ADP-ribosylation status of the toxins' specific substrates. Domperidone had no inhibitory effect on the receptor-binding or enzyme activity of the toxins, but it inhibited the pH-driven membrane translocation of the enzyme subunit of the C2 toxin and reduced the amount of PTS1 in cells. Taken together, our results indicate that domperidone is a potent inhibitor of PT and C2 toxins in cells and therefore might have therapeutic potential by repurposing domperidone to treat diseases caused by bacterial toxins that require Hsp70 for their cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Jia
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Braune-Yan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lietz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mary Wahba
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Ernst
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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5
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Kling C, Sommer A, Almeida-Hernandez Y, Rodríguez A, Perez-Erviti JA, Bhadane R, Ständker L, Wiese S, Barth H, Pupo-Meriño M, Pulliainen AT, Sánchez-García E, Ernst K. Inhibition of Pertussis Toxin by Human α-Defensins-1 and -5: Differential Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10557. [PMID: 37445740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough is a severe childhood disease, caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which releases pertussis toxin (PT) as a major virulence factor. Previously, we identified the human antimicrobial peptides α-defensin-1 and -5 as inhibitors of PT and demonstrated their capacity to inhibit the activity of the PT enzyme subunit PTS1. Here, the underlying mechanism of toxin inhibition was investigated in more detail, which is essential for developing the therapeutic potential of these peptides. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry revealed that α-defensin-5 strongly reduced PT binding to, and uptake into cells, whereas α-defensin-1 caused only a mild reduction. Conversely, α-defensin-1, but not α-defensin-5 was taken up into different cell lines and interacted with PTS1 inside cells, based on proximity ligation assay. In-silico modeling revealed specific interaction interfaces for α-defensin-1 with PTS1 and vice versa, unlike α-defensin-5. Dot blot experiments showed that α-defensin-1 binds to PTS1 and even stronger to its substrate protein Gαi in vitro. NADase activity of PTS1 in vitro was not inhibited by α-defensin-1 in the absence of Gαi. Taken together, these results suggest that α-defensin-1 inhibits PT mainly by inhibiting enzyme activity of PTS1, whereas α-defensin-5 mainly inhibits cellular uptake of PT. These findings will pave the way for optimization of α-defensins as novel therapeutics against whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kling
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Sommer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yasser Almeida-Hernandez
- Computational Bioengineering, Fakultät Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Armando Rodríguez
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julio A Perez-Erviti
- Computational Bioengineering, Fakultät Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rajendra Bhadane
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mario Pupo-Meriño
- Departamento de Bioinformática, Centro de Matemática Computacional, Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas (UCI), Havana 19370, Cuba
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Elsa Sánchez-García
- Computational Bioengineering, Fakultät Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Ernst
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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6
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Sakari M, Tran MT, Rossjohn J, Pulliainen AT, Beddoe T, Littler DR. Crystal structures of pertussis toxin with NAD+ and analogs provide structural insights into the mechanism of its cytosolic ADP-ribosylation activity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101892. [PMID: 35378130 PMCID: PMC9079181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease. Pertussis toxin (PT), a major virulence factor secreted by B. pertussis, is an AB5-type protein complex topologically related to cholera toxin. The PT protein complex is internalized by host cells and follows a retrograde trafficking route to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it subsequently dissociates. The released enzymatic S1 subunit is then translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and subsequently ADP-ribosylates the inhibitory alpha-subunits (Gαi) of heterotrimeric G proteins, thus promoting dysregulation of G protein–coupled receptor signaling. However, the mechanistic details of the ADP-ribosylation activity of PT are not well understood. Here, we describe crystal structures of the S1 subunit in complex with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), with NAD+ hydrolysis products ADP-ribose and nicotinamide, with NAD+ analog PJ34, and with a novel NAD+ analog formed upon S1 subunit crystallization with 3-amino benzamide and NAD+, which we name benzamide amino adenine dinucleotide. These crystal structures provide unprecedented insights into pre- and post-NAD+ hydrolysis steps of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of PT. We propose that these data may aid in rational drug design approaches and further development of PT-specific small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mai T Tran
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dene R Littler
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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7
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Abstract
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The paradigm of antivirulence
therapy dictates that bacterial pathogens
are specifically disarmed but not killed by neutralizing their virulence
factors. Clearance of the invading pathogen by the immune system is
promoted. As compared to antibiotics, the pathogen-selective antivirulence
drugs hold promise to minimize collateral damage to the beneficial
microbiome. Also, selective pressure for resistance is expected to
be lower because bacterial viability is not directly affected. Antivirulence
drugs are being developed for stand-alone prophylactic and therapeutic
treatments but also for combinatorial use with antibiotics. This Review
focuses on drug modalities that target bacterial exotoxins after the
secretion or release-upon-lysis. Exotoxins have a significant and
sometimes the primary role as the disease-causing virulence factor,
and thereby they are attractive targets for drug development. We describe
the key pre-clinical and clinical trial data that have led to the
approval of currently used exotoxin-targeted drugs, namely the monoclonal
antibodies bezlotoxumab (toxin B/TcdB, Clostridioides difficile), raxibacumab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), and obiltoxaximab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), but also to challenges with some of the promising leads. We also
highlight the recent developments in pre-clinical research sector
to develop exotoxin-targeted drug modalities, i.e., monoclonal antibodies,
antibody fragments, antibody mimetics, receptor analogs, neutralizing
scaffolds, dominant-negative mutants, and small molecules. We describe
how these exotoxin-targeted drug modalities work with high-resolution
structural knowledge and highlight their advantages and disadvantages
as antibiotic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Laisi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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8
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Kling C, Pulliainen AT, Barth H, Ernst K. Human Peptides α-Defensin-1 and -5 Inhibit Pertussis Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070480. [PMID: 34357952 PMCID: PMC8310310 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis causes the severe childhood disease whooping cough, by releasing several toxins, including pertussis toxin (PT) as a major virulence factor. PT is an AB5-type toxin, and consists of the enzymatic A-subunit PTS1 and five B-subunits, which facilitate binding to cells and transport of PTS1 into the cytosol. PTS1 ADP-ribosylates α-subunits of inhibitory G-proteins (Gαi) in the cytosol, which leads to disturbed cAMP signaling. Since PT is crucial for causing severe courses of disease, our aim is to identify new inhibitors against PT, to provide starting points for novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we investigated the effect of human antimicrobial peptides of the defensin family on PT. We demonstrated that PTS1 enzyme activity in vitro was inhibited by α-defensin-1 and -5, but not β-defensin-1. The amount of ADP-ribosylated Gαi was significantly reduced in PT-treated cells, in the presence of α-defensin-1 and -5. Moreover, both α-defensins decreased PT-mediated effects on cAMP signaling in the living cell-based interference in the Gαi-mediated signal transduction (iGIST) assay. Taken together, we identified the human peptides α-defensin-1 and -5 as inhibitors of PT activity, suggesting that these human peptides bear potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies against whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kling
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Katharina Ernst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ernst K, Mittler AK, Winkelmann V, Kling C, Eberhardt N, Anastasia A, Sonnabend M, Lochbaum R, Wirsching J, Sakari M, Pulliainen AT, Skerry C, Carbonetti NH, Frick M, Barth H. Pharmacological targeting of host chaperones protects from pertussis toxin in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5429. [PMID: 33686161 PMCID: PMC7940712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis that releases pertussis toxin (PT) which comprises enzyme A-subunit PTS1 and binding/transport B-subunit. After receptor-mediated endocytosis, PT reaches the endoplasmic reticulum from where unfolded PTS1 is transported to the cytosol. PTS1 ADP-ribosylates G-protein α-subunits resulting in increased cAMP signaling. Here, a role of target cell chaperones Hsp90, Hsp70, cyclophilins and FK506-binding proteins for cytosolic PTS1-uptake is demonstrated. PTS1 specifically and directly interacts with chaperones in vitro and in cells. Specific pharmacological chaperone inhibition protects CHO-K1, human primary airway basal cells and a fully differentiated airway epithelium from PT-intoxication by reducing intracellular PTS1-amounts without affecting cell binding or enzyme activity. PT is internalized by human airway epithelium secretory but not ciliated cells and leads to increase of apical surface liquid. Cyclophilin-inhibitors reduced leukocytosis in infant mouse model of pertussis, indicating their promising potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies against whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ernst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Ann-Katrin Mittler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Kling
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Eberhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Anastasia
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Sonnabend
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robin Lochbaum
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Wirsching
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ciaran Skerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas H Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
Detection of pertussis toxin (PTX) activity is instrumental for the development and manufacturing of pertussis vaccines. These quality and safety measures require thousands of mice annually. Here, we describe Interference in Gαi-mediated Signal Transduction (iGIST), an animal-free kinetic bioassay for detection of PTX, by measuring its effect on inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. PTX ADP-ribosylates inhibitory α-subunits of the heterotrimeric G proteins, thereby perturbing the inhibitory GPCR signaling. iGIST is based on HEK293 cells coexpressing a somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), which is an inhibitory GPCR controllable by a high-affinity agonist octreotide; and a luminescent 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) probe. iGIST has a low sensitivity threshold in the pg/mL range of PTX, surpassing by 100-fold in a parallel analysis the currently used in vitro end-point technique to detect PTX, the cluster formation assay (CFA) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. iGIST also detects PTX in complex samples, i.e., a commercial PTX-toxoid-containing pertussis vaccine that was spiked with an active PTX. iGIST has an objective digital readout and is observer independent, offering prospects for automation. iGIST emerges as a promising animal-free alternative to detect PTX activity in the development and manufacturing of pertussis vaccines. iGIST is also expected to facilitate basic PTX research, including identification and characterization of novel compounds interfering with PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy M. Paramonov
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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11
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Eskonen V, Tong-Ochoa N, Mattsson L, Miettinen M, Lastusaari M, Pulliainen AT, Kopra K, Härmä H. Single-Peptide TR-FRET Detection Platform for Cysteine-Specific Post-Translational Modifications. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13202-13210. [PMID: 32872778 PMCID: PMC7735653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Post-translational
modifications (PTMs) are one of the most important
regulatory mechanisms in cells, and they play key roles in cell signaling
both in health and disease. PTM catalyzing enzymes have become significant
drug targets, and therefore, tremendous interest has been focused
on the development of broad-scale assays to monitor several different
PTMs with a single detection platform. Most of the current methodologies
suffer from low throughput or rely on antibody recognition, increasing
the assay costs, and decreasing the multifunctionality of the assay.
Thus, we have developed a sensitive time-resolved Förster resonance
energy transfer (TR-FRET) detection method for PTMs of cysteine residues
using a single-peptide approach performed in a 384-well format. In
the developed assay, the enzyme-specific biotinylated substrate peptide
is post-translationally modified at the cysteine residue, preventing
the subsequent thiol coupling with a reactive AlexaFluor 680 acceptor
dye. In the absence of enzymatic activity, increase in the TR-FRET
signal between the biotin-bound Eu(III)-labeled streptavidin donor
and the cysteine-coupled AlexaFluor 680 acceptor dye is observed.
We demonstrate the detection concept with cysteine modifying S-nitrosylation
and ADP-ribosylation reactions using a chemical nitric oxide donor
S-nitrosoglutathione and enzymatic ADP-ribosyltransferase PtxS1-subunit
of pertussis toxin, respectively. As a proof of concept, three peptide
substrates derived from the small GTPase K-Ras and the inhibitory
α-subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein Gαi showed expected
functionality in both chemical and enzymatic assays. Measurements
yielded signal-to-background ratios of 28.7, 33.0, and 8.7 between
the modified and the nonmodified substrates for the three peptides
in the S-nitrosylation assay, 5.8 in the NAD+ hydrolysis
assay, and 6.8 in the enzymatic ADP-ribosyltransferase inhibitor dose–response
assay. The developed antibody-free assay for cysteine-modifying enzymes
provides a detection platform with low nanomolar peptide substrate
consumption, and the assay is potentially applicable to investigate
various cysteine-modifying enzymes in a high throughput compatible
format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Eskonen
- Chemistry of Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Natalia Tong-Ochoa
- Chemistry of Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Leena Mattsson
- Chemistry of Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Miettinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Lastusaari
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Kopra
- Chemistry of Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Härmä
- Chemistry of Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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12
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Ojala VK, Knittle AM, Kirjalainen P, Merilahti JAM, Kortesoja M, Tvorogov D, Vaparanta K, Lin S, Kast J, Pulliainen AT, Kurppa KJ, Elenius K. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3 participates in ERBB4-mediated cancer cell migration. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11559-11571. [PMID: 32561640 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB4 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ERBB subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases that regulates cellular processes including proliferation, migration, and survival. ERBB4 signaling is involved in embryogenesis and homeostasis of healthy adult tissues, but also in human pathologies such as cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Here, an MS-based analysis revealed the Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 (VAV3), an activator of Rho family GTPases, as a critical ERBB4-interacting protein in breast cancer cells. We confirmed the ERBB4-VAV3 interaction by targeted MS and coimmunoprecipitation experiments and further defined it by demonstrating that kinase activity and Tyr-1022 and Tyr-1162 of ERBB4, as well as the intact phosphotyrosine-interacting SH2 domain of VAV3, are necessary for this interaction. We found that ERBB4 stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the VAV3 activation domain, known to be required for guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of VAV proteins. In addition to VAV3, the other members of the VAV family, VAV1 and VAV2, also coprecipitated with ERBB4. Analyses of the effects of overexpression of dominant-negative VAV3 constructs or shRNA-mediated down-regulation of VAV3 expression in breast cancer cells indicated that active VAV3 is involved in ERBB4-stimulated cell migration. These results define the VAV GEFs as effectors of ERBB4 activity in a signaling pathway relevant for cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera K Ojala
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna M Knittle
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peppi Kirjalainen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes A M Merilahti
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maarit Kortesoja
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Denis Tvorogov
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katri Vaparanta
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Shujun Lin
- Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jürgen Kast
- Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari J Kurppa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Institute of Biomedicine and Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland .,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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13
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Ashok Y, Miettinen M, Oliveira DKHD, Tamirat MZ, Näreoja K, Tiwari A, Hottiger MO, Johnson MS, Lehtiö L, Pulliainen AT. Discovery of Compounds Inhibiting the ADP-Ribosyltransferase Activity of Pertussis Toxin. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:588-602. [PMID: 31899865 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The targeted pathogen-selective approach to drug development holds promise to minimize collateral damage to the beneficial microbiome. The AB5-topology pertussis toxin (PtxS1-S5) is a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of the highly contagious respiratory disease whooping cough. Once internalized into the host cell, PtxS1 ADP-ribosylates α-subunits of the heterotrimeric Gαi-superfamily, thereby disrupting G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Here, we report the discovery of the first small molecules inhibiting the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of pertussis toxin. We developed protocols to purify milligram-levels of active recombinant B. pertussis PtxS1 from Escherichia coli and an in vitro high throughput-compatible assay to quantify NAD+ consumption during PtxS1-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gαi. Two inhibitory compounds (NSC228155 and NSC29193) with low micromolar IC50-values (3.0 μM and 6.8 μM) were identified in the in vitro NAD+ consumption assay that also were potent in an independent in vitro assay monitoring conjugation of ADP-ribose to Gαi. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations identified plausible binding poses of NSC228155 and in particular of NSC29193, most likely owing to the rigidity of the latter ligand, at the NAD+-binding pocket of PtxS1. NSC228155 inhibited the pertussis AB5 holotoxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gαi in living human cells with a low micromolar IC50-value (2.4 μM). NSC228155 and NSC29193 might prove to be useful hit compounds in targeted B. pertussis-selective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwanth Ashok
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Moona Miettinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections, and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Danilo Kimio Hirabae de Oliveira
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mahlet Z. Tamirat
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Näreoja
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections, and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Avlokita Tiwari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections, and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Michael O. Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark S. Johnson
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections, and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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14
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Kopra K, Vuorinen E, Abreu-Blanco M, Wang Q, Eskonen V, Gillette W, Pulliainen AT, Holderfield M, Härmä H. Homogeneous Dual-Parametric-Coupled Assay for Simultaneous Nucleotide Exchange and KRAS/RAF-RBD Interaction Monitoring. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4971-4979. [PMID: 32106676 PMCID: PMC7143314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid and sensitive single-well dual-parametric method introduced in linked RAS nucleotide exchange and RAS/RAF-RBD interaction assays. RAS mutations are frequent drivers of multiple different human cancers, but the development of therapeutic strategies has been challenging. Traditionally, efforts to disrupt the RAS function have focused on nucleotide exchange inhibitors, GTP-RAS interaction inhibitors, and activators increasing GTPase activity of mutant RAS proteins. As the amount of biological knowledge grows, targeted biochemical assays enabling high-throughput screening have become increasingly interesting. We have previously introduced a homogeneous quenching resonance energy transfer (QRET) assay for nucleotide binding studies with RAS and heterotrimeric G proteins. Here, we introduce a novel homogeneous signaling technique called QTR-FRET, which combine QRET technology and time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET). The dual-parametric QTR-FRET technique enables the linking of guanine nucleotide exchange factor-induced Eu3+-GTP association to RAS, monitored at 615 nm, and subsequent Eu3+-GTP-loaded RAS interaction with RAF-RBD-Alexa680 monitored at 730 nm. Both reactions were monitored in a single-well assay applicable for inhibitor screening and real-time reaction monitoring. This homogeneous assay enables separable detection of both nucleotide exchange and RAS/RAF interaction inhibitors using low nanomolar protein concentrations. To demonstrate a wider applicability as a screening and real-time reaction monitoring method, the QTR-FRET technique was also applied for G(i)α GTP-loading and pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of G(i)α, for which we synthesized a novel γ-GTP-Eu3+ molecule. The study indicates that the QTR-FRET detection technique presented here can be readily applied to dual-parametric assays for various targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Kopra
- Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Emmiliisa Vuorinen
- Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Abreu-Blanco
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 8560 Progress Dr., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Eskonen
- Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - William Gillette
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 8560 Progress Dr., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Matthew Holderfield
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 8560 Progress Dr., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Harri Härmä
- Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
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15
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Regier Y, Komma K, Weigel M, Kraiczy P, Laisi A, Pulliainen AT, Hain T, Kempf VAJ. Combination of microbiome analysis and serodiagnostics to assess the risk of pathogen transmission by ticks to humans and animals in central Germany. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:11. [PMID: 30616666 PMCID: PMC6322329 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropod-borne diseases remain a major health-threat for humans and animals worldwide. To estimate the distribution of pathogenic agents and especially Bartonella spp., we conducted tick microbiome analysis and determination of the infection status of wild animals, pets and pet owners in the state of Hesse, Germany. RESULTS In total, 189 engorged ticks collected from 163 animals were tested. Selected ticks were analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) and confirmatory PCRs, blood specimens of 48 wild animals were analyzed by PCR to confirm pathogen presence and sera of 54 dogs, one cat and 11 dog owners were analyzed by serology. Bartonella spp. were detected in 9.5% of all ticks and in the blood of 17 roe deer. Further data reveal the presence of the human and animal pathogenic species of genera in the family Spirochaetaceae (including Borrelia miyamotoi and Borrelia garinii), Bartonella spp. (mainly Bartonella schoenbuchensis), Rickettsia helvetica, Francisella tularensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks. Co-infections with species of several genera were detected in nine ticks. One dog and five dog owners were seropositive for anti-Bartonella henselae-antibodies and one dog had antibodies against Rickettsia conorii. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a snapshot of pathogens circulating in ticks in central Germany. A broad range of tick-borne pathogens are present in ticks, and especially in wild animals, with possible implications for animal and human health. However, a low incidence of Bartonella spp., especially Bartonella henselae, was detected. The high number of various detected pathogens suggests that ticks might serve as an excellent sentinel to detect and monitor zoonotic human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Regier
- University Hospital, Goethe-University, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kassandra Komma
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Weigel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- University Hospital, Goethe-University, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arttu Laisi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- University Hospital, Goethe-University, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Regier Y, Komma K, Weigel M, Pulliainen AT, Göttig S, Hain T, Kempf VAJ. Microbiome Analysis Reveals the Presence of Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. in Deer Keds ( Lipoptena cervi). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3100. [PMID: 30619179 PMCID: PMC6306446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) is distributed in Europe, North America, and Siberia and mainly infests cervids as roe deer, fallow deer, and moose. From a one health perspective, deer keds occasionally bite other animals or humans and are a potential vector for Bartonella schoenbuchensis. This bacterium belongs to a lineage of ruminant-associated Bartonella spp. and is suspected to cause dermatitis and febrile diseases in humans. In this study, we analyzed the microbiome from 130 deer keds collected from roe deer, fallow deer and humans in the federal states of Hesse, Baden-Wuerttemberg, and Brandenburg, Germany. Endosymbiontic Arsenophonus spp. and Bartonella spp. represented the biggest portion (~90%) of the microbiome. Most Bartonella spp. (n = 93) were confirmed to represent B. schoenbuchensis. In deer keds collected from humans, no Bartonella spp. were detected. Furthermore, Acinetobacter spp. were present in four samples, one of those was confirmed to represent A. baumannii. These data suggest that deer keds harbor only a very narrow spectrum of bacteria which are potentially pathogenic for animals of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Regier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kassandra Komma
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Weigel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephan Göttig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Loimaranta V, Hepojoki J, Laaksoaho O, Pulliainen AT. Galectin-3-binding protein: A multitask glycoprotein with innate immunity functions in viral and bacterial infections. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:777-786. [PMID: 29882603 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3vmr0118-036r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3-binding protein (Gal-3BP) is a ubiquitous and multifunctional secreted glycoprotein originally identified and mainly studied in the context of neoplastic transformation and cancer progression. However, Gal-3BP expression is induced in viral infection and by a multitude of molecules that either mimic or are characteristic for an ongoing inflammation and microbial infection, such as IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, poly(I:C), dsRNA, and dsDNA. Furthermore, Gal-3BP belongs to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain-containing protein family, by virtue of its N-terminal SRCR domain. The SRCR domain is found in soluble or membrane-associated innate immunity-related proteins and is implicated in self-nonself discrimination. This review summarizes the current knowledge of structural features of Gal-3BP and its proposed intracellular and extracellular innate immunity functions with special emphasis on viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Medicum, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olli Laaksoaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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18
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Merilahti JAM, Ojala VK, Knittle AM, Pulliainen AT, Elenius K. Genome-wide screen of gamma-secretase-mediated intramembrane cleavage of receptor tyrosine kinases. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3123-3131. [PMID: 28904208 PMCID: PMC5662267 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been demonstrated to signal via regulated intramembrane proteolysis, in which ectodomain shedding and subsequent intramembrane cleavage by gamma-secretase leads to release of a soluble intracellular receptor fragment with functional activity. For most RTKs, however, it is unknown whether they can exploit this new signaling mechanism. Here we used a system-wide screen to address the frequency of susceptibility to gamma-secretase cleavage among human RTKs. The screen covering 45 of the 55 human RTKs identified 12 new as well as all nine previously published gamma-secretase substrates. We biochemically validated the screen by demonstrating that the release of a soluble intracellular fragment from endogenous AXL was dependent on the sheddase disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and the gamma-secretase component presenilin-1. Functional analysis of the cleavable RTKs indicated that proliferation promoted by overexpression of the TAM family members AXL or TYRO3 depends on gamma-secretase cleavage. Taken together, these data indicate that gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage provides an additional signaling mechanism for numerous human RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A M Merilahti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veera K Ojala
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anna M Knittle
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland .,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
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19
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Hokynar K, Vesterinen EJ, Lilley TM, Pulliainen AT, Korhonen SJ, Paavonen J, Puolakkainen M. Molecular Evidence of Chlamydia-Like Organisms in the Feces of Myotis daubentonii Bats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02951-16. [PMID: 27815278 PMCID: PMC5203614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02951-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia-like organisms (CLOs) are recently identified members of the Chlamydiales order. CLOs share intracellular lifestyles and biphasic developmental cycles, and they have been detected in environmental samples as well as in various hosts such as amoebae and arthropods. In this study, we screened bat feces for the presence of CLOs by molecular analysis. Using pan-Chlamydiales PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene, Chlamydiales DNA was detected in 54% of the specimens. PCR amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes were used to classify positive specimens and infer their phylogenetic relationships. Most sequences matched best with Rhabdochlamydia species or uncultured Chlamydia sequences identified in ticks. Another set of sequences matched best with sequences of the Chlamydia genus or uncultured Chlamydiales from snakes. To gain evidence of whether CLOs in bat feces are merely diet borne, we analyzed insects trapped from the same location where the bats foraged. Interestingly, the CLO sequences resembling Rhabdochlamydia spp. were detected in insect material as well, but the other set of CLO sequences was not, suggesting that this set might not originate from prey. Thus, bats represent another potential host for Chlamydiales and could harbor novel, previously unidentified members of this order. IMPORTANCE Several pathogenic viruses are known to colonize bats, and recent analyses indicate that bats are also reservoir hosts for bacterial genera. Chlamydia-like organisms (CLOs) have been detected in several animal species. CLOs have high 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Chlamydiaceae and exhibit similar intracellular lifestyles and biphasic developmental cycles. Our study describes the frequent occurrence of CLO DNA in bat feces, suggesting an expanding host species spectrum for the Chlamydiales As bats can acquire various infectious agents through their diet, prey insects were also studied. We identified CLO sequences in bats that matched best with sequences in prey insects but also CLO sequences not detected in prey insects. This suggests that a portion of CLO DNA present in bat feces is not prey borne. Furthermore, some sequences from bat droppings not originating from their diet might well represent novel, previously unidentified members of the Chlamydiales order.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hokynar
- Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E J Vesterinen
- Archipelago Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T M Lilley
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S J Korhonen
- Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Paavonen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Puolakkainen
- Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Abstract
Although bats have been implicated as reservoir hosts for a number of zoonotic and life-threatening viruses, the bat bacterial flora and its zoonotic threat remain elusive. However, members of the vector-borne bacterial genera Bartonella causing various human as well as animal diseases have recently been isolated or detected from bats and their ectoparasites. In this study, we sampled 124 insectivorous microbats (Daubenton's bat, Myotis daubentonii) for peripheral blood in southwestern Finland in 2010. A Bartonella-specific PCR targeting rpoB (RNA polymerase β-subunit) was positive with blood samples from 46 bats (prevalence 37%). Scaled mass indexes of the infected and noninfected bats did not differ (p = 0.057). One rpoB sequence was identical with the rpoB sequence of B. naantaliensis strain 2574/1, previously isolated from bats in Finland. The rest of the sequences were highly similar to each other with nucleotide identity scores of 96% or higher. Nucleotide identity scores to the previously described type strain sequences of Bartonella or other database entries were no higher than 87%. Sequence analyses of another gene, gltA (citrate synthase), gave no higher than 90% nucleotide identity scores. On the basis of the conventional 95% sequence similarity cutoff in bacterial species delineation, a novel species of Bartonella was detected. We propose a species name Candidatus B. hemsundetiensis. Phylogenetic analyses based on rpoB and gltA sequences indicate that Candidatus B. hemsundetiensis clusters in a deep-branching position close to the ancestral species B. tamiae and B. bacilliformis. Our study reinforces the importance of bats as reservoirs of Bartonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Lilley
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland .,2 Biology Department, Bucknell University , Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Arto T Pulliainen
- 3 Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku, Finland .,4 Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Abstract
A plethora of pathogenic viruses colonize bats. However, bat bacterial flora and its zoonotic threat remain ill defined. In a study initially conducted as a quantitative metagenomic analysis of the fecal bacterial flora of the Daubenton's bat in Finland, we unexpectedly detected DNA of several hemotrophic and ectoparasite-transmitted bacterial genera, including Bartonella. Bartonella spp. also were either detected or isolated from the peripheral blood of Daubenton's, northern, and whiskered bats and were detected in the ectoparasites of Daubenton's, northern, and Brandt's bats. The blood isolates belong to the Candidatus-status species B. mayotimonensis, a recently identified etiologic agent of endocarditis in humans, and a new Bartonella species (B. naantaliensis sp. nov.). Phylogenetic analysis of bat-colonizing Bartonella spp. throughout the world demonstrates a distinct B. mayotimonensis cluster in the Northern Hemisphere. The findings of this field study highlight bats as potent reservoirs of human bacterial pathogens.
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Pulliainen AT, Dehio C. Persistence of Bartonella spp. stealth pathogens: from subclinical infections to vasoproliferative tumor formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:563-99. [PMID: 22229763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that typically cause a long-lasting intraerythrocytic bacteremia in their mammalian reservoir hosts, thereby favoring transmission by blood-sucking arthropods. In most cases, natural reservoir host infections are subclinical and the relapsing intraerythrocytic bacteremia may last weeks, months, or even years. In this review, we will follow the infection cycle of Bartonella spp. in a reservoir host, which typically starts with an intradermal inoculation of bacteria that are superficially scratched into the skin from arthropod feces and terminates with the pathogen exit by the blood-sucking arthropod. The current knowledge of bacterial countermeasures against mammalian immune response will be presented for each critical step of the pathogenesis. The prevailing models of the still-enigmatic primary niche and the anatomical location where bacteria reside, persist, and are periodically seeded into the bloodstream to cause the typical relapsing Bartonella spp. bacteremia will also be critically discussed. The review will end up with a discussion of the ability of Bartonella spp., namely Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Bartonella bacilliformis, to induce tumor-like vascular deformations in humans having compromised immune response such as in patients with AIDS.
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Kouki A, Haataja S, Loimaranta V, Pulliainen AT, Nilsson UJ, Finne J. Identification of a novel streptococcal adhesin P (SadP) protein recognizing galactosyl-α1-4-galactose-containing glycoconjugates: convergent evolution of bacterial pathogens to binding of the same host receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38854-64. [PMID: 21908601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.260992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is often a prerequisite for infection, and host cell surface carbohydrates play a major role as adhesion receptors. Streptococci are a leading cause of infectious diseases. However, only few carbohydrate-specific streptococcal adhesins are known. Streptococcus suis is an important pig pathogen and a zoonotic agent causing meningitis in pigs and humans. In this study, we have identified an adhesin that mediates the binding of S. suis to galactosyl-α1-4-galactose (Galα1-4Gal)-containing host receptors. A functionally unknown S. suis cell wall protein (SSU0253), designated here as SadP (streptococcal adhesin P), was identified using a Galα1-4Gal-containing affinity matrix and LC-ESI mass spectrometry. Although the function of the protein was not previously known, it was recently identified as an immunogenic cell wall protein in a proteomic study. Insertional inactivation of the sadP gene abolished S. suis Galα1-4Gal-dependent binding. The adhesin gene sadP was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Characterization of its binding specificity showed that SadP recognizes Galα1-4Gal-oligosaccharides and binds its natural glycolipid receptor, GbO(3) (CD77). The N terminus of SadP was shown to contain a Galα1-Gal-binding site and not to have apparent sequence similarity to other bacterial adhesins, including the E. coli P fimbrial adhesins, or to E. coli verotoxin or Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin I also recognizing the same Galα1-4Gal disaccharide. The SadP and E. coli P adhesins represent a unique example of convergent evolution toward binding to the same host receptor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kouki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku FI-20520, Finland
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Loimaranta V, Hytönen J, Pulliainen AT, Sharma A, Tenovuo J, Strömberg N, Finne J. Leucine-rich repeats of bacterial surface proteins serve as common pattern recognition motifs of human scavenger receptor gp340. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18614-23. [PMID: 19465482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900581200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors are innate immune molecules recognizing and inducing the clearance of non-host as well as modified host molecules. To recognize a wide pattern of invading microbes, many scavenger receptors bind to common pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids. Similarly, the gp340/DMBT1 protein, a member of the human scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein family, displays a wide ligand repertoire. The peptide motif VEVLXXXXW derived from its scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains is involved in some of these interactions, but most of the recognition mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we used mass spectrometry sequencing, gene inactivation, and recombinant proteins to identify Streptococcus pyogenes protein Spy0843 as a recognition receptor of gp340. Antibodies against Spy0843 are shown to protect against S. pyogenes infection, but no function or host receptor have been identified for the protein. Spy0843 belongs to the leucine-rich repeat (Lrr) family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins. Experiments with truncated forms of the recombinant proteins confirmed that the Lrr region is needed in the binding of Spy0843 to gp340. The same motif of two other Lrr proteins, LrrG from the Gram-positive S. agalactiae and BspA from the Gram-negative Tannerella forsythia, also mediated binding to gp340. Moreover, inhibition of Spy0843 binding occurred with peptides containing the VEVLXXXXW motif, but also peptides devoid of the XXXXW motif inhibited binding of Lrr proteins. These results thus suggest that the conserved Lrr motif in bacterial proteins serves as a novel pattern recognition motif for unique core peptides of human scavenger receptor gp340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko Loimaranta
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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25
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Havukainen H, Haataja S, Kauko A, Pulliainen AT, Salminen A, Haikarainen T, Finne J, Papageorgiou AC. Structural basis of the zinc- and terbium-mediated inhibition of ferroxidase activity in Dps ferritin-like proteins. Protein Sci 2008; 17:1513-21. [PMID: 18552126 DOI: 10.1110/ps.036236.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis Dpr is an iron-binding protein involved in oxidative stress resistance. It belongs to the bacterial Dps protein family whose members form dodecameric assemblies. Previous studies have shown that zinc and terbium inhibit iron incorporation in Listeria innocua Dps protein. In order to gain structural insights into the inhibitory effect of zinc and terbium, the crystal structures of Streptococcus suis Dpr complexes with these ions were determined at 1.8 A and 2.1 A, respectively. Both ions were found to bind at the ferroxidase center and in the same location as iron. In addition, a novel zinc-binding site formed by His40 and His44 was identified. Both His residues were found to be present within all known Streptococcus suis Dpr variants and in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus sanguinis Dpr proteins. Amino acid sequence alignment of Dpr with other Dps family members revealed that His44 is highly conserved, in contrast to His40. The inhibitory effect of zinc and terbium on iron oxidation in Dpr was studied in vitro, and it was found that both ions at concentrations >0.2 mM almost completely abolish iron binding. These results provide a structural basis for the inhibitory effect of zinc and terbium in the Dps family of proteins, and suggest a potential role of the Dps proteins in zinc detoxification mechanisms involving the second zinc-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Havukainen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku 20521, Finland
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26
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Kauko A, Pulliainen AT, Haataja S, Meyer-Klaucke W, Finne J, Papageorgiou AC. Iron incorporation in Streptococcus suis Dps-like peroxide resistance protein Dpr requires mobility in the ferroxidase center and leads to the formation of a ferrihydrite-like core. J Mol Biol 2006; 364:97-109. [PMID: 16997323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Dps-like peroxide resistance protein (Dpr) is a dodecameric protein that protects the human and swine pathogen Streptococcus suis from hydrogen peroxide by removing free Fe2+ from the cytosol. Subsequent oxidation of iron by Dpr results in the deposition of Fe3+ inside the protein's central cavity. Structural changes that occur in the ferroxidase center were studied by X-ray crystallography after soaking Dpr crystals with Fe2+ in the presence of sodium dithionite. Twelve iron-binding sites were identified with each site formed by residues Asp74 and Glu78 from one subunit, and Asp63, His47 and His59 from a 2-fold symmetry-related subunit. Compared to the iron-free Dpr, Asp74 and Glu78 were found to be the most flexible amino acid residues and able to adopt a variety of conformations in different subunits. The crystal structure of an Asp74Ala Dpr mutant soaked with a Fe2+ -solution revealed variations in the Asp63 position and no iron bound to the ferroxidase center. These results indicate an intrinsic flexibility in the active site that may be important for the catalytic reaction and subsequent nucleation events. Two iron cores with remarkably different features were identified in Dpr using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Purified Dpr was found to have a small-size iron core with only approximately 16 iron atoms/dodecamer forming a ferritin-like ferrihydrite structure. Because of its size, this core represents the smallest iron core identified so far in ferritins and other Dps-like proteins. A large-size core (approximately 180 iron atoms/dodecamer) formed after incubating the protein with a ferrous solution shows differences in iron coordination compared to the small size core. Characterization of the two iron cores in Dpr could provide insights into nucleation events and the mechanism of iron core growth in the Dps family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Kauko
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Turku, Finland
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27
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Pulliainen AT, Kauko A, Haataja S, Papageorgiou AC, Finne J. Dps/Dpr ferritin-like protein: insights into the mechanism of iron incorporation and evidence for a central role in cellular iron homeostasis in Streptococcus suis. Mol Microbiol 2005; 57:1086-100. [PMID: 16091046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Dps family members constitute a distinct group of multimeric and ferritin-like iron binding proteins (up to 500 iron atoms/12-mer) that are widespread in eubacteria and archaea and implicated in oxidative stress resistance and virulence. Despite the wealth of structural knowledge, the mechanism of iron incorporation has remained elusive. Here, we provide evidence on Dpr of the swine and human pathogen Streptococcus suis that: (i) iron incorporation proceeds by Fe(II) binding, Fe(II) oxidation and subsequent storage as Fe(III); (ii) Fe(II) atoms enter the 12-mer cavity through four hydrophilic pores; and (iii) Fe(II) atoms are oxidized inside the 12-mer cavity at 12 identical inter-subunit sites, which are structurally different but functionally equivalent to the ferroxidase centres of classical ferritins. We also provide evidence, by deleting and ectopically overexpressing Dpr, that Dpr affects cellular iron homeostasis. The key residues responsible for iron incorporation in S. suis Dpr are well conserved throughout the Dps family. A model for the iron incorporation mechanism of the Dps/Dpr ferritin-like protein is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto T Pulliainen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Pajunen MI, Pulliainen AT, Finne J, Savilahti H. Generation of transposon insertion mutant libraries for Gram-positive bacteria by electroporation of phage Mu DNA transposition complexes. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:1209-18. [PMID: 15817788 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transposon mutagenesis is a powerful technique for generating collections of insertion mutants for genetic studies. This paper describes how phage Mu DNA transposition complexes, transpososomes, can be exploited for gene delivery to efficiently introduce selectable markers to genomes of Gram-positive bacteria. Mu transpososomes were assembled in vitro with custom-designed mini-Mu transposons, concentrated, and electroporated into cells of three Gram-positive bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus suis. Within cells, the complexes reproduced an authentic DNA transposition reaction and integrated the delivered transposons into the bacterial genomes, yielding single-copy insertions. The integration efficiency among different species and strains of Gram-positive bacteria ranged from 1x10(1) to 2x10(4) c.f.u. (mug introduced transposon DNA)(-1). The strategy should be applicable to a variety of other Gram-positive species after initial optimization of certain key factors affecting transposon delivery, such as the preparation method of competent cells and physical parameters of electroporation. This study extends the scope of the Mu transpososome delivery-based genomic DNA integration strategy to Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, a straightforward generation of sizeable mutant banks is feasible for these bacteria, potentiating several types of genomic-level approaches for studies of a variety of important bacterial processes, such as pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Pajunen
- Research Program in Cellular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, PO Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Kauko A, Haataja S, Pulliainen AT, Finne J, Papageorgiou AC. Crystal Structure of Streptococcus suis Dps-like Peroxide Resistance Protein Dpr: Implications for Iron Incorporation. J Mol Biol 2004; 338:547-58. [PMID: 15081812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Dps-like peroxide resistance protein (Dpr) is an aerotolerance and hydrogen peroxide resistance agent found in the meningitis-associated pathogen Streptococcus suis. Dpr is believed to act by binding free intracellular iron to prevent Fenton chemistry-catalysed formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals. The crystal structure of Dpr has been determined to 1.95 A resolution. The final model has an Rcyst value of 18.5% (Rfree = 22.4%) and consists of 12 identical monomers (each of them comprising a four alpha-helix bundle) that form a hollow sphere obeying 23 symmetry. Structural features show that Dpr belongs to the Dps family of bacterial proteins. Twelve putative ferroxidase centers, each formed at the interface of neighboring monomer pairs, were identified in the Dpr structure with structural similarities to those found in other Dps family members. Dpr was crystallized in the absence of iron, hence no bound iron was found in the structure in contrast to other Dps family members. A novel metal-binding site approximately 6A from the ferroxidase centre was identified and assigned to a bound calcium ion. Two residues from the ferroxidase centre (Asp63 and Asp74) were found to be involved in calcium binding. Structural comparison with other family members revealed that Asp63 and Asp74 adopt different conformation in the Dpr structure. The structure of Dpr presented here shows potential local conformational changes that may occur during iron incorporation. A role for the metal-binding site in iron uptake is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Kauko
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Turku 20521, Finland
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30
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Haataja S, Penttinen A, Pulliainen AT, Tikkanen K, Finne J, Papageorgiou AC. Expression, purification and crystallization of Dpr, a ferritin-like protein from the Gram-positive meningitis-associated bacterium Streptococcus suis. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2002; 58:1851-3. [PMID: 12351836 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444902012970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2002] [Accepted: 07/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin-like proteins form a novel family of bacterial proteins with diverse functions, such as DNA binding, iron storage and cell activation. A common structural feature of these proteins is their ability to form spherical dodecamers. Dpr is a ferritin-like protein from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus suis. Full-length and truncated Dpr were expressed and purified as 6xHis-tag fusion proteins. Crystals of truncated Dpr suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained after the removal of the N-terminal affinity tag by thrombin cleavage. A complete data set to 2.3 A resolution was collected using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 104.3, b = 137.6, c = 142.1 A and 12 molecules in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauli Haataja
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
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