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Multiple neighboring active sites of an atomically precise copper nanocluster catalyst for efficient bond-forming reactions. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2494-2505. [PMID: 38477151 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise copper nanoclusters (NCs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials for catalysis. Their versatile core-shell architecture opens the possibility of tailoring their catalytically active sites. Here, we introduce a core-shell copper nanocluster (CuNC), [Cu29(StBu)13Cl5(PPh3)4H10]tBuSO3 (StBu: tert-butylthiol; PPh3: triphenylphosphine), Cu29NC, with multiple accessible active sites on its shell. We show that this nanocluster is a versatile catalyst for C-heteroatom bond formation (C-O, C-N, and C-S) with several advantages over previous Cu systems. When supported, the cluster can also be reused as a heterogeneous catalyst without losing its efficiency, making it a hybrid homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst. We elucidated the atomic-level mechanism of the catalysis using density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on the single crystal structure. We found that the cooperative action of multiple neighboring active sites is essential for the catalyst's efficiency. The calculations also revealed that oxidative addition is the rate-limiting step that is facilitated by the neighboring active sites of the Cu29NC, which highlights a unique advantage of nanoclusters over traditional copper catalysts. Our results demonstrate the potential of nanoclusters for enabling the rational atomically precise design and investigation of multi-site catalysts.
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Isostructural Nanocluster Manipulation Reveals Pivotal Role of One Surface Atom in Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307140. [PMID: 37471684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating single-atom effects on the fundamental properties of nanoparticles is challenging because single-atom modifications are typically accompanied by appreciable changes to the overall particle's structure. Herein, we report the synthesis of a [Cu58 H20 PET36 (PPh3 )4 ]2+ (Cu58 ; PET: phenylethanethiolate; PPh3 : triphenylphosphine) nanocluster-an atomically precise nanoparticle-that can be transformed into the surface-defective analog [Cu57 H20 PET36 (PPh3 )4 ]+ (Cu57 ). Both nanoclusters are virtually identical, with five concentric metal shells, save for one missing surface copper atom in Cu57 . Remarkably, the loss of this single surface atom drastically alters the reactivity of the nanocluster. In contrast to Cu58 , Cu57 shows promising activity for click chemistry, particularly photoinduced [3+2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC), which is attributed to the active catalytic site in Cu57 after the removal of one surface copper atom. Our study not only presents a unique system for uncovering the effect of a single-surface atom modification on nanoparticle properties but also showcases single-atom surface modification as a powerful means for designing nanoparticle catalysts.
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Atomically Precise Defective Copper Nanocluster Catalysts for Highly Selective C-C Cross-Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202303572. [PMID: 37130272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Point defects in nanoparticles have long been hypothesized to play an important role in governing the particle's electronic structure and physicochemical properties. However, single point defects in material systems usually exist with other heterogeneities, obscuring the chemical role of the effects. Herein, we report a novel atomically precise, copper hydride nanoclusters (NCs), [Cu28H10(C7H7S)18(TPP)3] (Cu28; TPP: triphenylphosphine; C7H7S: o-thiocresol) with a defined defect in the gram scale via a one-pot reduction method. The Cu28 acts as a highly selective catalyst in for C-C cross-couplings. The work highlights the potential of defective NCs as model systems for investigating individual defects, correlating defects with physiochemical properties, and rationally designing new nanoparticle catalysts.
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Copper (I) Chloride-Catalyzed Photoredox Synthesis of Multifunctionalized Compounds at Room Temperature and Their Antifungal Activities. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300110. [PMID: 36892141 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple visible-light-induced CuCl-catalyzed synthesis was developed for highly functionalized carbon-centered compounds (α-alk/aryloxy-α-diaryl/alkylaryl-acetaldehydes/ketones) at room temperature using benzoquinone, alkyl/aryl alcohol, and alkyl/aryl terminal/internal alkynes. Late-stage functionalized compounds show good antifungal activities, especially against Candida krusei fungal strain, in in vitro experiments (the Broth microdilution method). Moreover, toxicity tests (zebrafish egg model experiments) indicated that these compounds had negligible cytotoxicity. The green chemistry metrics (E-factor value is 7.3) and eco-scale (eco-scale value is 58.8) evaluations show that the method is simple, mild, highly efficient, eco-friendly, and environmentally feasible.
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Visible-Light Copper Nanocluster Catalysis for the C-N Coupling of Aryl Chlorides at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12052-12061. [PMID: 35766900 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of aryl chlorides in cross-coupling reactions is a long-standing challenge in organic synthesis that is of great interest to industry. Ultrasmall (<3 nm), atomically precise nanoclusters (NCs) are considered one of the most promising catalysts due to their high surface area and unsaturated active sites. Herein, we introduce a copper nanocluster-based catalyst, [Cu61(StBu)26S6Cl6H14] (Cu61NC) that enables C-N bond-forming reactions of aryl chlorides under visible-light irradiation at room temperature. A range of N-heterocyclic nucleophiles and electronically and sterically diverse aryl/hetero chlorides react in this new Cu61NC-catalyzed process to afford the C-N coupling products in good yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that a single-electron-transfer (SET) process between the photoexcited Cu61NC complex and aryl halide enables the C-N-arylation reaction.
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Ortho C-H arylation of arenes at room temperature using visible light ruthenium C-H activation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4439-4443. [PMID: 34122900 PMCID: PMC8159458 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A ruthenium-catalyzed ortho C–H arylation process is described using visible light. Using the readily available catalyst [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2, visible light irradiation was found to enable arylation of 2-aryl-pyridines at room temperature for a range of aryl bromides and iodides. A ruthenium-catalyzed ortho C–H arylation process is described using visible light.![]()
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Cu 2 O Nanocrystals-Catalyzed Photoredox Sonogashira Coupling of Terminal Alkynes and Arylhalides Enhanced by CO 2. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:287-292. [PMID: 31476259 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein the first visible-light-activated Sonogashira C-C coupling reaction at room temperature catalyzed by single-metal heterogeneous Cu2 O truncated nanocubes (Cu2 O TNCs) was developed. A wide variety of aryl halides and terminal alkynes worked well in this recyclable heterogeneous photochemical process to form the corresponding Sonogashira C-C coupling products in good yields. Mechanistic control studies indicated that CO2 enhances the formation of light-absorbing heterogeneous surface-bound CuI -phenylacetylide (λmax =472 nm), which further undergoes single-electron transfer with aryl iodides/bromides to enable Sonogashira C sp 2 -Csp bond formation. In contrast to literature-reported bimetallic TiO2 -containing nanoparticles as photocatalyst, this work avoided the need of cocatalysis by TiO2 . Single-metal CuI in Cu2 O TNCs was solely responsible for the observed C sp 2 -Csp coupling reactions under CO2 atmosphere.
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meta
‐Selective C−H Activation of Arenes at Room Temperature Using Visible Light: Dual‐Function Ruthenium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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meta-Selective C-H Activation of Arenes at Room Temperature Using Visible Light: Dual-Function Ruthenium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9826-9830. [PMID: 31050114 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-catalyzed meta-C-H activation of arenes at room temperature is reported to proceed under blue-light irradiation. A variety of heteroarenes are compatible with this photochemical process, which leads to the corresponding meta C-C coupling products in good to very good yields. Initial mechanistic studies suggest a single-electron transfer process occurs between a photoexcited RuII -cyclometalated complex and alkyl halides, enabling meta-C-H functionalization reaction via carbon-centered radicals.
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Copper Photoredox Catalyzed A3’ Coupling of Arylamines, Terminal Alkynes, and Alcohols through a Hydrogen Atom Transfer Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3838-3842. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Copper Photoredox Catalyzed A3’ Coupling of Arylamines, Terminal Alkynes, and Alcohols through a Hydrogen Atom Transfer Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Visible-light-driven copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative cascade cyclization of N-tosylhydrazones and terminal alkynes: regioselective synthesis of 3-arylcoumarins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5151-5154. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01801h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An intuitive visible-light-driven copper-catalyzed process can accomplish regioselective functionalized 3-arylcoumarins via oxidative annulation of simple N-tosylhydrazones with terminal alkynes under O2 (1 atm.) at room temperature.
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Singlet oxygen-mediated selective C-H bond hydroperoxidation of ethereal hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1812. [PMID: 29180784 PMCID: PMC5703888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet O2 is a key reactive oxygen species responsible for photodynamic therapy and is generally recognized to be chemically reactive towards C=C double bonds. Herein, we report the hydroperoxidation/lactonization of α-ethereal C-H bonds by singlet O2 (1Δg) under exceptionally mild conditions, i.e., room temperature and ambient pressure, with modest to high yields (38~90%) and excellent site selectivity. Singlet O2 has been known for > 90 years, but was never reported to be able to react with weakly activated C-H bonds in saturated hydrocarbons. Theoretical calculations indicate that singlet O2 directly inserts into the α-ethereal C-H bond in one step with conservation of steric configuration in products. The current discovery of chemical reaction of singlet oxygen with weakly activated solvent C-H bonds, in addition to physical relaxation pathway, provides an important clue to a 35-year-old unresolved mystery regarding huge variations of solvent dependent lifetime of singlet O2.
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Visible Light Copper Photoredox-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Phenols and Terminal Alkynes: Regioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Ketones via C≡C Triple Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2896-2899. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Visible Light-Mediated Copper(I)-Catalysed Aerobic Oxidation of Ynamides/Ynamines at Room Temperature: A Sustainable Approach to the Synthesis of α-Ketoimides/α-Ketoamides. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Copper(i)-catalysed oxidative C–N coupling of 2-aminopyridine with terminal alkynes featuring a CC bond cleavage promoted by visible light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11756-11759. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05506k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and eco-friendly approach to aerobic oxidative C–N coupling of 2-aminopyridine with terminal alkynes for preparation of biologically important pyridyl-amides via CC triple bond cleavage at room temperature.
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Copper(i) chloride catalysed room temperature Csp–Csp homocoupling of terminal alkynes mediated by visible light. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01400c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An eco-friendly approach to the Csp–Csp homocoupling of terminal alkynes (including electron-withdrawing groups) was achieved at room temperature via a copper(i) chloride catalysed process mediated by visible light.
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Frontispiece: Photoinduced Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Indoles: Three-Component Coupling of Arylamines, Terminal Alkynes, and Quinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201584761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Frontispiz: Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Indoles: Three‐Component Coupling of Arylamines, Terminal Alkynes, and Quinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201584761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Indoles: Three‐Component Coupling of Arylamines, Terminal Alkynes, and Quinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Photoinduced Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Indoles: Three-Component Coupling of Arylamines, Terminal Alkynes, and Quinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13896-901. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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One-pot room-temperature conversion of cyclohexane to adipic acid by ozone and UV light. Science 2014; 346:1495-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1259684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Visible-light-induced, copper(i)-catalysed C–N coupling between o-phenylenediamine and terminal alkynes: one-pot synthesis of 3-phenyl-2-hydroxy-quinoxalines. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:2110-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50186h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Morphology dependent photosensitization and formation of singlet oxygen (1Δg) by gold and silver nanoparticles and its application in cancer treatment. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4379-4387. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20806k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Photo-Induced Sonogashira CC Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Simple Copper(I) Chloride Salt at Room Temperature. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Metal Nanoparticles Sensitize the Formation of Singlet Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10640-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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