1
|
Sauer IJ, Reese R, Otto C, Geiger T, Willner SN, Guillod BP, Bresch DN, Frieler K. Climate signals in river flood damages emerge under sound regional disaggregation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2128. [PMID: 33837199 PMCID: PMC8035337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change affects precipitation patterns. Here, we investigate whether its signals are already detectable in reported river flood damages. We develop an empirical model to reconstruct observed damages and quantify the contributions of climate and socio-economic drivers to observed trends. We show that, on the level of nine world regions, trends in damages are dominated by increasing exposure and modulated by changes in vulnerability, while climate-induced trends are comparably small and mostly statistically insignificant, with the exception of South & Sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia. However, when disaggregating the world regions into subregions based on river-basins with homogenous historical discharge trends, climate contributions to damages become statistically significant globally, in Asia and Latin America. In most regions, we find monotonous climate-induced damage trends but more years of observations would be needed to distinguish between the impacts of anthropogenic climate forcing and multidecadal oscillations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga J Sauer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ronja Reese
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Otto
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Tobias Geiger
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.,Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Climate and Environment Consultancy, Stahnsdorf, Germany
| | - Sven N Willner
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Benoit P Guillod
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David N Bresch
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Zurich-Airport, Switzerland
| | - Katja Frieler
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moon H, Guillod BP, Gudmundsson L, Seneviratne SI. Soil Moisture Effects on Afternoon Precipitation Occurrence in Current Climate Models. Geophys Res Lett 2019; 46:1861-1869. [PMID: 31031452 PMCID: PMC6472677 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl080879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks in a large ensemble of global climate model simulations are evaluated. A set of three metrics are used to assess the sensitivity of afternoon rainfall occurrence to morning soil moisture in terms of their spatial, temporal, and heterogeneity characteristics. Positive (negative) spatial feedback indicates that the afternoon rainfall occurs more frequently over wetter (drier) land surface than its surroundings. Positive (negative) temporal feedback indicates preference over temporally wetter (drier) conditions, and positive (negative) heterogeneity feedback indicates preference over more spatially heterogeneous (homogeneous) soil moisture conditions. We confirm previous results highlighting a dominantly positive spatial feedback in the models as opposed to observations. On average, models tend to agree better with observations for temporal and heterogeneity feedback characteristics, although intermodel variability is largest for these metrics. The collective influence of the three feedbacks suggests that they may lead to more localized precipitation persistence in models than in observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Moon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Benoit P. Guillod
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute for Environmental DecisionsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lukas Gudmundsson
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wehrli K, Guillod BP, Hauser M, Leclair M, Seneviratne SI. Assessing the Dynamic Versus Thermodynamic Origin of Climate Model Biases. Geophys Res Lett 2018; 45:8471-8479. [PMID: 31031449 PMCID: PMC6473591 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl079220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global climate models present systematic biases, among others, a tendency to overestimate hot and dry summers in midlatitude regions. Here we investigate the origin of such biases in the Community Earth System Model. To disentangle the contribution of dynamics and thermodynamics, we perform simulations that include nudging of horizontal wind and compare them to simulations with a free atmosphere. Prescribing the observed large-scale circulation improves the modeled weather patterns as well as many related fields. However, the larger part of the temperature and precipitation biases of the free atmosphere configuration remains after nudging, in particular, for extremes. Our results suggest that thermodynamical processes, including land-atmosphere coupling and atmospheric parameterizations, drive the errors present in Community Earth System Model. Our result may apply to other climate models and highlight the importance of distinguishing thermodynamic and dynamic sources of biases in present-day global climate models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Wehrli
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Benoit P. Guillod
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mathias Hauser
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Matthieu Leclair
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sonia I. Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seneviratne SI, Wartenburger R, Guillod BP, Hirsch AL, Vogel MM, Brovkin V, van Vuuren DP, Schaller N, Boysen L, Calvin KV, Doelman J, Greve P, Havlik P, Humpenöder F, Krisztin T, Mitchell D, Popp A, Riahi K, Rogelj J, Schleussner CF, Sillmann J, Stehfest E. Climate extremes, land-climate feedbacks and land-use forcing at 1.5°C. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 376:20160450. [PMID: 29610382 PMCID: PMC5897823 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article investigates projected changes in temperature and water cycle extremes at 1.5°C of global warming, and highlights the role of land processes and land-use changes (LUCs) for these projections. We provide new comparisons of changes in climate at 1.5°C versus 2°C based on empirical sampling analyses of transient simulations versus simulations from the 'Half a degree Additional warming, Prognosis and Projected Impacts' (HAPPI) multi-model experiment. The two approaches yield similar overall results regarding changes in climate extremes on land, and reveal a substantial difference in the occurrence of regional extremes at 1.5°C versus 2°C. Land processes mediated through soil moisture feedbacks and land-use forcing play a major role for projected changes in extremes at 1.5°C in most mid-latitude regions, including densely populated areas in North America, Europe and Asia. This has important implications for low-emissions scenarios derived from integrated assessment models (IAMs), which include major LUCs in ambitious mitigation pathways (e.g. associated with increased bioenergy use), but are also shown to differ in the simulated LUC patterns. Biogeophysical effects from LUCs are not considered in the development of IAM scenarios, but play an important role for projected regional changes in climate extremes, and are thus of high relevance for sustainable development pathways.This article is part of the theme issue 'The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia I Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Wartenburger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benoit P Guillod
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette L Hirsch
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martha M Vogel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Victor Brovkin
- Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Detlef P van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 303, Bilthoven 3720 AH, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lena Boysen
- Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katherine V Calvin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jonathan Doelman
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 303, Bilthoven 3720 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Greve
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Petr Havlik
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tamas Krisztin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Daniel Mitchell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University Road, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Keywan Riahi
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Joeri Rogelj
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Carl-Friedrich Schleussner
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
- Climate Analytics, Ritterstrasse 3, 10969 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 303, Bilthoven 3720 AH, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hirsch AL, Guillod BP, Seneviratne SI, Beyerle U, Boysen LR, Brovkin V, Davin EL, Doelman JC, Kim H, Mitchell DM, Nitta T, Shiogama H, Sparrow S, Stehfest E, van Vuuren DP, Wilson S. Biogeophysical Impacts of Land-Use Change on Climate Extremes in Low-Emission Scenarios: Results From HAPPI-Land. Earths Future 2018; 6:396-409. [PMID: 29938210 PMCID: PMC5993232 DOI: 10.1002/2017ef000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of land use have been shown to have considerable influence on regional climate. With the recent international commitment to limit global warming to well below 2°C, emission reductions need to be ambitious and could involve major land-use change (LUC). Land-based mitigation efforts to curb emissions growth include increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration through reforestation, or the adoption of bioenergy crops. These activities influence local climate through biogeophysical feedbacks, however, it is uncertain how important they are for a 1.5° climate target. This was the motivation for HAPPI-Land: the half a degree additional warming, prognosis, and projected impacts-land-use scenario experiment. Using four Earth system models, we present the first multimodel results from HAPPI-Land and demonstrate the critical role of land use for understanding the characteristics of regional climate extremes in low-emission scenarios. In particular, our results show that changes in temperature extremes due to LUC are comparable in magnitude to changes arising from half a degree of global warming. We also demonstrate that LUC contributes to more than 20% of the change in temperature extremes for large land areas concentrated over the Northern Hemisphere. However, we also identify sources of uncertainty that influence the multimodel consensus of our results including how LUC is implemented and the corresponding biogeophysical feedbacks that perturb climate. Therefore, our results highlight the urgent need to resolve the challenges in implementing LUC across models to quantify the impacts and consider how LUC contributes to regional changes in extremes associated with sustainable development pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette L. Hirsch
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Benoit P. Guillod
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute for Environmental DecisionsEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sonia I. Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Urs Beyerle
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lena R. Boysen
- Land in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - Victor Brovkin
- Land in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - Edouard L. Davin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Hyungjun Kim
- Institute of Industrial ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | - Tomoko Nitta
- Institute of Industrial ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hideo Shiogama
- Center for Global Environmental ResearchNational Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukubaJapan
| | - Sarah Sparrow
- Oxford e‐Research Centre (OeRC)University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyDen HaagThe Netherlands
| | - Detlef P. van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyDen HaagThe Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute for Sustainable DevelopmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Simon Wilson
- Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
- Department of Meteorology, NCAS‐CMSUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guillod BP, Orlowsky B, Miralles DG, Teuling AJ, Seneviratne SI. Reconciling spatial and temporal soil moisture effects on afternoon rainfall. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6443. [PMID: 25740589 PMCID: PMC4366536 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil moisture impacts on precipitation have been strongly debated. Recent observational evidence of afternoon rain falling preferentially over land parcels that are drier than the surrounding areas (negative spatial effect), contrasts with previous reports of a predominant positive temporal effect. However, whether spatial effects relating to soil moisture heterogeneity translate into similar temporal effects remains unknown. Here we show that afternoon precipitation events tend to occur during wet and heterogeneous soil moisture conditions, while being located over comparatively drier patches. Using remote-sensing data and a common analysis framework, spatial and temporal correlations with opposite signs are shown to coexist within the same region and data set. Positive temporal coupling might enhance precipitation persistence, while negative spatial coupling tends to regionally homogenize land surface conditions. Although the apparent positive temporal coupling does not necessarily imply a causal relationship, these results reconcile the notions of moisture recycling with local, spatially negative feedbacks. The sign of soil moisture–precipitation feedback has been strongly debated. Here, the authors show that rain tends to fall where soils are drier than their surroundings, but on days with overall wet and heterogeneous conditions, explaining the apparent contradictions between recent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit P Guillod
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Orlowsky
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diego G Miralles
- 1] Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands [2] Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adriaan J Teuling
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PA, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia I Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|