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Vara BA, Levi SM, Achab A, Candito DA, Fradera X, Lesburg CA, Kawamura S, Lacey BM, Lim J, Methot JL, Xu Z, Xu H, Smith DM, Piesvaux JA, Miller JR, Bittinger M, Ranganath SH, Bennett DJ, DiMauro EF, Pasternak A. Discovery of Diaminopyrimidine Carboxamide HPK1 Inhibitors as Preclinical Immunotherapy Tool Compounds. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:653-661. [PMID: 33859804 PMCID: PMC8040257 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), a serine/threonine kinase, is a negative immune regulator of T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell signaling that is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. Accordingly, it has been reported that HPK1 loss-of-function in HPK1 kinase-dead syngeneic mouse models shows enhanced T cell signaling and cytokine production as well as tumor growth inhibition in vivo, supporting its value as an immunotherapeutic target. Herein, we present the structurally enabled discovery of novel, potent, and selective diaminopyrimidine carboxamide HPK1 inhibitors. The key discovery of a carboxamide moiety was essential for enhanced enzyme inhibitory potency and kinome selectivity as well as sustained elevation of cellular IL-2 production across a titration range in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The elucidation of structure-activity relationships using various pendant amino ring systems allowed for the identification of several small molecule type-I inhibitors with promising in vitro profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Vara
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Samuel M. Levi
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Abdelghani Achab
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David A. Candito
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles A. Lesburg
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shuhei Kawamura
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brian M. Lacey
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jongwon Lim
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joey L. Methot
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zangwei Xu
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dustin M. Smith
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Piesvaux
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - J. Richard Miller
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mark Bittinger
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sheila H. Ranganath
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David J. Bennett
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erin F. DiMauro
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Quantitative Biosciences, Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Vara BA, Li X, Berritt S, Walters CR, Petersson EJ, Molander GA. Scalable thioarylation of unprotected peptides and biomolecules under Ni/photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2017; 9:336-344. [PMID: 29629102 PMCID: PMC5868321 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04292b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistically distinct, Ni/photoredox-catalyzed arylation of unprotected, native thiols (e.g., cysteine residues) is reported – a process initiated through a visible light-promoted, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) event under ambient conditions.
Site-specific functionalization of unprotected native peptides and biomolecules remains a useful transformation in synthetic design and chemical biology, yet until recently, advancements in transition metal-catalyzed methods, which have prevailed in organic synthesis, have been relatively ineffective when applied to large and structurally complex biomolecules. Here, the mechanistically distinct, Ni/photoredox-catalyzed arylation of unprotected, native thiols (e.g., cysteine residues) is reported – a process initiated through a visible light-promoted, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) event under ambient conditions. Sub-stoichiometric loadings of the dual-catalyst system (≤5 mol%) are employed, granting excellent site-specificity, broad substrate scope, and low chemical waste. Reaction scalability (from μg to grams) has been achieved through modest reagent adjustments, and high throughput experimentation (HTE) demonstrates the ease of reaction setup, enabling prompt screening of aryl halide coupling partners and conditions. Scores of thiol substrates and aryl entities were examined and effectively conjugated, suggesting further diverse, practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Vara
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Xingpin Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Simon Berritt
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Christopher R Walters
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - E James Petersson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
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Vara BA, Patel NR, Molander GA. O-Benzyl Xanthate Esters under Ni/Photoredox Dual Catalysis: Selective Radical Generation and Csp 3-Csp 2 Cross-Coupling. ACS Catal 2017; 7:3955-3959. [PMID: 28603657 PMCID: PMC5460664 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl xanthate esters are perhaps best known for their use in deoxygenation chemistry. However, their use in cross-coupling chemistry has not been productive, which is due, in part, to inadequate xanthate activation strategies. Herein, we report the use of O-benzyl xanthate esters, readily derived from alcohols, as radical pronucleophiles in Csp3-Csp2 cross-couplings under Ni/photoredox dual catalysis. Xanthate (C-O) cleavage is found to be reliant on photogenerated (sec-butyl) radical activators to form new carbon-centered radicals primed for nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings. Mechanistic experiments support the fact that the key radical components are formed independently, and relative rates are carefully orchestrated, such that no cross reactivity is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Vara
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Niki R. Patel
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Vara BA, Jouffroy M, Molander GA. C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) cross-coupling of alkylsilicates with borylated aryl bromides - an iterative platform to alkylated aryl- and heteroaryl boronates. Chem Sci 2017; 8:530-535. [PMID: 28451200 PMCID: PMC5351799 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The attractive field of iterative cross-coupling has seen numerous advances, although almost exclusively in the union of sp2-hybridized partners. Conspicuously absent from this useful synthetic manifold is the inclusion of sp3-hybridized pronucleophiles that can undergo transmetalation under mild conditions. Described here is the use of primary and secondary ammonium alkylsilicates, which undergo facile C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling with borylated aryl bromide partners under photoredox/nickel dual catalysis conditions. This operationally simple procedure allows the production of alkylated small molecules possessing boronate ester (BPin, Bneopentyl, BMIDA) functional handles. Because of the extremely mild reaction conditions and the innocuous byproduct generated upon fragmentative oxidation of silicates, the corresponding borylated compounds were isolated in good to excellent yields. Aryl bromides bearing unprotected boronic acids are also generally tolerated for the first time and prove useful in multistep syntheses. Unlike many previously reported photoredox/Ni dual cross-couplings, the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds were forged using a transition metal-free photocatalyst, allowing a substantial increase in sustainability as well as a cost reduction. Because the developed Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling does not require discrete boron speciation control, as in many popular orthogonal Pd-based methods, this protocol represents a significant advance in atom- and step-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Vara
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Matthieu Jouffroy
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , USA .
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Gutiérrez-Bonet Á, Tellis JC, Matsui JK, Vara BA, Molander GA. 1,4-Dihydropyridines as Alkyl Radical Precursors: Introducing the Aldehyde Feedstock to Nickel/Photoredox Dual Catalysis. ACS Catal 2016; 6:8004-8008. [PMID: 27990318 PMCID: PMC5152669 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A Ni/photoredox dual catalytic cross-coupling
is disclosed in which
a diverse range of (hetero)aryl bromides are used as electrophiles,
with 1,4-dihydropyridines serving as precursors to Csp3-centered alkyl radical coupling partners. The reported method
is characterized by its extremely mild reaction conditions, enabling
access to underexplored cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gutiérrez-Bonet
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - John C. Tellis
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Matsui
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Brandon A. Vara
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Vara BA, Mayasundari A, Tellis JC, Danneman MW, Arredondo V, Davis TA, Min J, Finch K, Guy RK, Johnston JN. Organocatalytic, diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of nonsymmetric cis-stilbene diamines: a platform for the preparation of single-enantiomer cis-imidazolines for protein-protein inhibition. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6913-38. [PMID: 25017623 PMCID: PMC4120989 DOI: 10.1021/jo501003r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
finding by scientists at Hoffmann-La Roche that cis-imidazolines could disrupt the protein–protein interaction
between p53 and MDM2, thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells,
raised considerable interest in this scaffold over the past decade.
Initial routes to these small molecules (i.e., Nutlin-3) provided
only the racemic form, with enantiomers being enriched by chromatographic
separation using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a
chiral stationary phase. Reported here is the first application of
an enantioselective aza-Henry approach to nonsymmetric cis-stilbene diamines and cis-imidazolines. Two novel
mono(amidine) organocatalysts (MAM) were discovered to provide high
levels of enantioselection (>95% ee) across a broad range of substrate
combinations. Furthermore, the versatility of the aza-Henry strategy
for preparing nonsymmetric cis-imidazolines is illustrated
by a comparison of the roles of aryl nitromethane and aryl aldimine
in the key step, which revealed unique substrate electronic effects
providing direction for aza-Henry substrate–catalyst matching.
This method was used to prepare highly substituted cis-4,5-diaryl imidazolines that project unique aromatic rings, and
these were evaluated for MDM2-p53 inhibition in a fluorescence polarization
assay. The diversification of access to cis-stilbene
diamine-derived imidazolines provided by this platform should streamline
their further development as chemical tools for disrupting protein–protein
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Vara
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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