MultiPhATE2: code for functional annotation and comparison of phage genomes

To address a need for improved tools for annotation and comparative genomics of bacteriophage genomes, we developed multiPhATE2. As an extension of multiPhATE, a functional annotation code released previously, multiPhATE2 performs gene finding using multiple algorithms, compares the results of the algorithms, performs functional annotation of coding sequences, and incorporates additional search algorithms and databases to extend the search space of the original code. MultiPhATE2 performs gene matching among sets of closely related bacteriophage genomes, and uses multiprocessing to speed computations. MultiPhATE2 can be re-started at multiple points within the workflow to allow the user to examine intermediate results and adjust the subsequent computations accordingly. In addition, multiPhATE2 accommodates custom gene calls and sequence databases, again adding flexibility. MultiPhATE2 was implemented in Python 3.7 and runs as a command-line code under Linux or MAC operating systems. Full documentation is provided as a README file and a Wiki website.

Morphometric differences and fluctuating asymmetry in Melipona subnitida Ducke 1910 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in different types of housing

A geometric morphometrics approach was applied to evaluate differences in forewing patterns of the Jandaira bee (Melipona subnitida Ducke). For this, we studied the presence of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in forewing shape and size of colonies kept in either rational hive boxes or natural tree trunks. We detected significant FA for wing size as well as wing shape independent of the type of housing (rational box or tree trunks), indicating the overall presence of stress during the development of the studied specimens. FA was also significant (p < 0.01) between rational boxes, possibly related to the use of various models of rational boxes used for keeping stingless bees. In addition, a Principal Component Analysis indicated morphometric variation between bee colonies kept in either rational hive boxes or in tree trunks, that may be related to the different origins of the bees: tree trunk colonies were relocated natural colonies while rational box colonies originated from multiplying other colonies. We conclude that adequate measures should be taken to reduce the amount of stress during bee handling by using standard models of rational boxes that cause the least disruption.

Flight activity of Melipona asilvai Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Many stingless bee species are specific to their areas of occurrence. Even when adapted to their local climate and flora conditions, they are subject to modifications in the environment, directly influencing flight activity. The aim of this work is to obtain information about the flight activity of the stingless bee Melipona asilvai Moure, thus contributing to the knowledge of this species. The flow of bees entering and leaving the colony was evaluated, and the type of transported material was identified. This information was correlated with climatic data collected at the time of observations, performed between June 2002 and March 2003. It can be proved that temperature was the factor with the greatest influence on the external activity of this species, showing a significant positive correlation with the entry of bees into the colony and pollen collection. Mud collecting showed a significant positive correlation with a humidity increase. Flight activity began at a temperature of 21.0 °C and humidity of 84.5%, peaking at 27.4 °C and 60.6% RH, respectively.