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Kasloff SB, Leung A, Pickering BS, Smith G, Moffat E, Collignon B, Embury-Hyatt C, Kobasa D, Weingartl HM. Pathogenicity of Nipah henipavirus Bangladesh in a swine host. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5230. [PMID: 30914663 PMCID: PMC6435791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1998 an outbreak of fatal encephalitis among pig farm workers in Malaysia and Singapore led to the discovery of Nipah henipavirus (NiV), a novel paramyxovirus closely related to Hendra henipavirus with case fatality rates of nearly 40%. Following its initial emergence nearly annual outbreaks of NiV have occurred in Bangladesh with a different, NiV Bangladesh, genotype, where the role of pigs in its transmission remains unknown. The present study provides the first report on susceptibility of domestic pigs to NiV Bangladesh following experimental infection, characterizing acute and long-term phases of disease and pathogenesis. All pigs were successfully infected with NiV Bangladesh following oronasal inoculation, with viral shedding confirmed by a novel genotype-specific qRT-PCR in oral, nasal and rectal excretions and dissemination from the upper respiratory tract to the brain, lungs, and associated lymphatic tissues. Unlike previous NiV Malaysia findings in pigs, clinical signs were absent, viremia was undetectable throughout the study, and only low level neutralizing antibody titers were measured by 28/29 days post-NiV-B infection. Results obtained highlight the need for continued and enhanced NiV surveillance in pigs in endemic and at-risk regions, and raise questions regarding applicability of current serological assays to detect animals with previous NiV-B exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Kasloff
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - A Leung
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B S Pickering
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - G Smith
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - E Moffat
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B Collignon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - C Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - D Kobasa
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - H M Weingartl
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Kittelberger R, Nfon C, Swekla K, Zhang Z, Hole K, Bittner H, Salo T, Goolia M, Embury-Hyatt C, Bueno R, Hannah M, Swainsbury R, O'Sullivan C, Spence R, Clough R, McFadden A, Rawdon T, Alexandersen S. Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Red Deer - Experimental Infection and Test Methods Performance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:213-225. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kittelberger
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - C. Nfon
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - K. Swekla
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Z. Zhang
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - K. Hole
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - H. Bittner
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - T. Salo
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - M. Goolia
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - C. Embury-Hyatt
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - R. Bueno
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - M. Hannah
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - R. Swainsbury
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - C. O'Sullivan
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - R. Spence
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - R. Clough
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - A. McFadden
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - T. Rawdon
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - S. Alexandersen
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
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Pasick J, Berhane Y, Ojkic D, Maxie G, Embury-Hyatt C, Swekla K, Handel K, Fairles J, Alexandersen S. Investigation into the role of potentially contaminated feed as a source of the first-detected outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 61:397-410. [PMID: 25098383 PMCID: PMC4282400 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In January 2014, approximately 9 months following the initial detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in the USA, the first case of PED was confirmed in a swine herd in south‐western Ontario. A follow‐up epidemiological investigation carried out on the initial and 10 subsequent Ontario PED cases pointed to feed as a common risk factor. As a result, several lots of feed and spray‐dried porcine plasma (SDPP) used as a feed supplement were tested for the presence of PEDV genome by real‐time RT‐PCR assay. Several of these tested positive, supporting the notion that contaminated feed may have been responsible for the introduction of PEDV into Canada. These findings led us to conduct a bioassay experiment in which three PEDV‐positive SDPP samples (from a single lot) and two PEDV‐positive feed samples supplemented with this SDPP were used to orally inoculate 3‐week‐old piglets. Although the feed‐inoculated piglets did not show any significant excretion of PEDV, the SDPP‐inoculated piglets shed PEDV at a relatively high level for ≥9 days. Despite the fact that the tested PEDV genome positive feed did not result in obvious piglet infection in our bioassay experiment, contaminated feed cannot be ruled out as a likely source of this introduction in the field where many other variables may play a contributing role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pasick
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centres for Animal Disease, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Berhane Y, Joseph T, Kehler H, Hisanaga T, Embury-Hyatt C, Diederich S, McGreevy KH, Handel K, Cottam-Birt C, Pasick J. Characterization of a Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N2 Virus Isolated from a Turkey Breeder Flock in Manitoba, Canada. Avian Dis 2014; 58:1-7. [DOI: 10.1637/10591-061213-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Embury-Hyatt C, Babiuk S, Manning L, Ganske S, Bowden T, Boyle D, Copps J. Pathology and viral antigen distribution following experimental infection of sheep and goats with capripoxvirus. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:106-15. [PMID: 22297076 PMCID: PMC9528194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Current understanding of capripoxvirus pathogenesis is limited since there have been no detailed studies examining cell tropism at well-defined intervals following infection. We undertook time-course studies in sheep and goats following inoculation of sheeppox or goatpox viruses in their respective homologous hosts, and examined tissues by light microscopy. A monoclonal antibody generated to a sheeppox virus core protein was used for immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen in tissue sections. Lesions and virus antigen were observed consistently in the skin, lung and lymph nodes. Antigen was detected at 6 and 8 days post inoculation for skin and lung, respectively, within cells which appeared to be of monocyte/macrophage lineage. In sheep skin capripoxvirus immunoreactivity was detected within previously unreported large multinucleated cells. In the lung, double immunolabelling detected the simultaneous expression of capripoxvirus antigen and cytokeratin indicating the presence of virus within pneumocytes. Lung double immunolabelling also detected the expression of capripoxvirus antigen in CD68(+) cells, confirming the presence of viral antigen within macrophages. Based on early detection of infected macrophages, dissemination of virus within the host and localization to tissues likely occurred through cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Histological findings revealed similarities with both monkeypox and smallpox, thus capripoxvirus infection in sheep and goats may represent useful models with which to study strategies for poxvirus-specific virus vaccine concepts and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Correspondence to: C. Embury-Hyatt
| | - S. Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - L. Manning
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S. Ganske
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - T.R. Bowden
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - D.B. Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - J. Copps
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Berhane Y, Leith M, Embury-Hyatt C, Neufeld J, Babiuk S, Hisanaga T, Kehler H, Hooper-McGrevy K, Pasick J. Studying Possible Cross-Protection of Canada Geese Preexposed to North American Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Strains (H3N8, H4N6, and H5N2) Against an H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Challenge. Avian Dis 2010; 54:548-54. [DOI: 10.1637/8841-040309-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Neufeld JL, Embury-Hyatt C, Berhane Y, Manning L, Ganske S, Pasick J. Pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in Canada geese (Branta canadensis): preliminary studies. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:966-70. [PMID: 19429986 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0168-e-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5N1) infection was studied by inoculating 10 naïve (antibody-negative) animals (5 adults and 5 juveniles) with A/chicken/Vietnam/14/05 (H5N1) virus. In the adults, 1 of 5 became infected, and 4 of 5 remained normal; in the juvenile group, 5 of 5 became infected. The pathology observed in the affected animals was similar to that reported in natural occurrences. Peripheral and parasympathetic nervous systems were examined and found infected, as well as cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons. In some locations with significant virus infection in cells, the expected inflammatory reaction was absent or very mild. Immunohistochemistry was used to locate influenza A virus nucleoprotein in brain, spinal cord, respiratory and digestive systems, pancreas, heart, and peripheral and parasympathetic nervous systems. Further studies are needed to explain age-related differences in susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Neufeld
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Babiuk S, Bowden TR, Parkyn G, Dalman B, Manning L, Neufeld J, Embury-Hyatt C, Copps J, Boyle DB. Quantification of lumpy skin disease virus following experimental infection in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 55:299-307. [PMID: 18503511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease along with sheep pox and goatpox are the most serious poxvirus diseases of livestock, and are caused by viruses that belong to the genus Capripoxvirus within the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae. To facilitate the study of lumpy skin disease pathogenesis, we inoculated eight 4- to 6-month-old Holstein calves intravenously with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and collected samples over a period of 42 days for analysis by virus isolation, real-time PCR and light microscopy. Following inoculation, cattle developed fever and skin nodules, with the extent of infection varying between animals. Skin nodules remained visible until the end of the experiment on day post-inoculation (DPI) 42. Viremia measured by real-time PCR and virus isolation was not observed in all animals but was detectable between 6 and 15 DPI. Low levels of viral shedding were observed in oral and nasal secretions between 12 and 18 DPI. Several tissues were assessed for the presence of virus at DPI 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 42 by virus isolation and real-time PCR. Virus was consistently detected by real-time PCR and virus isolation at high levels in skin nodules indicating LSDV has a tropism for skin. In contrast, relatively few lesions were observed systemically. Viral DNA was detected by real-time PCR in skin lesions collected on DPI 42. Cattle developing anti-capripoxvirus antibodies starting at DPI 21 was detected by serum neutralization. The disease in this study varied from mild with few secondary skin nodules to generalized infection of varying severity, and was characterized by morbidity with no mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg MB, Canada.
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Berhane Y, Weingartl HM, Lopez J, Neufeld J, Czub S, Embury-Hyatt C, Goolia M, Copps J, Czub M. Bacterial Infections in Pigs Experimentally Infected with Nipah Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 55:165-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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