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Lim HT, Kok BH, Lim CP, Majeed ABA, Leow CY, Leow CH. Corrigendum to 'Single domain antibodies derived from ancient animals as broadly neutralizing agents for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses': Biomedical Engineering Advances 4 (2022) 100054. Biomed Eng Adv 2023; 5:100086. [PMID: 37091500 PMCID: PMC10113425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2023.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100054.].
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - B H Kok
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - C P Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - A B Abdul Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - C Y Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - C H Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Lim HT, Kok BH, Lim CP, Abdul Majeed AB, Leow CY, Leow CH. Single domain antibodies derived from ancient animals as broadly neutralizing agents for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Biomedical Engineering Advances 2022; 4:100054. [PMID: 36158162 PMCID: PMC9482557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as an emergent human virus since December 2019, the world population is susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 has higher transmissibility than the previous coronaviruses, associated by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus nature with high mutation rate, caused SARS-CoV-2 variants to arise while circulating worldwide. Neutralizing antibodies are identified as immediate and direct-acting therapeutic against COVID-19. Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), as small biomolecules with non-complex structure and intrinsic stability, can acquire antigen-binding capabilities comparable to conventional antibodies, which serve as an attractive neutralizing solution. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein attaches to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on lung epithelial cells to initiate viral infection, serves as potential therapeutic target. sdAbs have shown broad neutralization towards SARS-CoV-2 with various mutations, effectively stop and prevent infection while efficiently block mutational escape. In addition, sdAbs can be developed into multivalent antibodies or inhaled biotherapeutics against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - B H Kok
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - C P Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - A B Abdul Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - C Y Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - C H Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Mahmud F, Lee PC, Abdul Wahab H, Mustaffa KMF, Leow CH, Azhar R, Lai NS. Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase as a potential therapeutic target for antimalarial drugs development. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:822-841. [PMID: 33612795 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.3.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases due to its high infection and mortality rates, especially in the tropical belt. Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), the most virulent malaria parasite in humans, was recently reported to develop resistance against the final efficient antimalarial drug, artemisinin. Little is known about the resistance mechanisms, which further complicates the problem as a proper counteraction is unable to be taken. Hence, the understanding of drug mode of action and its molecular target is valuable knowledge that needs to be considered to develop the next generation of antimalarial drugs. P. falciparum protein kinase (Pf PK) is an attractive target for antimalarial chemotherapy due to its vital roles in all P. falciparum life stages. Moreover, overall structural differences and the presence of unique Pf PKs that are absent in human kinome, suggesting specific inhibition of Pf PK without affecting human cells is achievable. To date, at least 86 eukaryotic protein kinases have been identified in P. falciparum kinome, by which less than 40 were validated as potential targets at the erythrocytes stage. In this review, recent progress of the furthest validated Pf PKs; Pf Nek-1, Pf CDPK1, Pf CDPK4, Pf PKG, and Pf CLK-3 will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mahmud
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia.,Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah
| | - P C Lee
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah
| | - H Abdul Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | - K M F Mustaffa
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | - C H Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | - R Azhar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - N S Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia
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Kho HP, Leow CY, Shueb RH, Leow CH, Lim BH, Chua C. A hypothetical oxidative stress regulatory role of alpha giardins in the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Trop Biomed 2018; 35:41-49. [PMID: 33601775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. This microaerophilic protozoan is capable of surviving in the host intestine in the presence of both oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS), despite the lack of conventional ROS-scavenging enzymes. The understanding of how G. intestinalis tolerates free radicals could help to identify essential biological processes that protect themselves against oxidative stress within the human gut. This review outlines the antioxidant mechanisms that are utilized by G. intestinalis, with an emphasis on the potential novel role of alpha giardins. The comprehensive understanding of the processes involved in oxidative stress management may provide new insights into improved treatments for giardiasis, and other medically important protozoan parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Kho
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - C Y Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - R H Shueb
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - C H Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - B H Lim
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - C Chua
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Pang YK, Liam CK, Leow CH, Shyamala P, Zal AR. Tracheobronchial stenting is safe and effective in relieving upper airway obstruction. Med J Malaysia 2006; 61:147-50. [PMID: 16898303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that tracheobronchial stenting is effective in relieving respiratory distress secondary to major airway obstruction due to lung or oesophageal cancer. A retrospective review on the benefits and complications of self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) insertion through flexible bronchoscopy for the palliative treatment of upper airway obstruction in University Malaya Medical Centre was performed. Ten patients underwent this procedure. Relief of dyspnoea was immediate following stent insertion in all patients. Stent migration occurred in one patient and three patients had restenosis of the central airway. We conclude that tracheobronchial stenting via flexible bronchoscopy is feasible and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Pang
- Respiratory Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur
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Ravindran J, Leow CH. Practice patterns of some gynaecologists in Malaysia with regards to prophylactic oophorectomy and hormone replacement therapy. Med J Malaysia 1996; 51:409-14. [PMID: 10968026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to look at the prevailing practice patterns of gynaecologists with regards to prophylactic oophorectomy and usage of hormone replacement therapy. Questionnaires were sent to the first 200 gynaecologists listed in the membership list of the Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society of Malaysia. The response rate was 30%. The results showed that most gynaecologists would perform prophylactic oophorectomy after the age of 49 years. The result was equivocal for the ages between 45 to 49 years. Of those who retained the ovaries at the age of 45 to the menopause, 55% did so because the ovaries were still functional. Almost all gynaecologists would prescribe hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after oophorectomy and the most commonly prescribed form was the oral type. Thirty-five per cent of gynaecologists claimed that more than 80% of their patients were compliant to HRT. The reasons perceived for the poor compliance were mainly poor knowledge and misconception.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ravindran
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Hospital Seremban
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