Blue Ribbon Committee I Review: Findings and Impact

OBJECTIVE

Review the subsequent impact of recommendations made by the 2004 American Surgical Association Blue Ribbon Committee (BRC I) Report on Surgical Education.

BACKGROUND

Current leaders of the American College of Surgeons and the American Surgical Association convened an expert panel to review the impact of the BRC I report and make recommendations for future improvements in surgical education.

METHODS

BRC I members reviewed the 2004 recommendations in light of the current status of surgical education.

RESULTS

Some of the recommendations of BRC I have gained traction and have been implemented. There is a well-organized national curriculum and numerous educational offerings. There has been greater emphasis on preparing faculty to teach and there are ample opportunities for professional advancement as an educator. The number of residents has grown, although not at a pace to meet the country's needs either by total number or geographic distribution. The number of women in the profession has increased. There is greater awareness and attention to resident (and faculty) well-being. The anticipated radical change in the educational scheme has not been adopted. Training in surgical research still depends on the resources and interests of individual programs. Financing student and graduate medical education remains a challenge.

CONCLUSIONS

The medical landscape has changed considerably since BRC I published its findings in 2005. A contemporary assessment of surgical education and training is needed to meet the future needs of the profession and our patients.

Type II hiatal hernias: do they exist or are they actually parahiatal hernias?

BACKGROUND

Type II hiatal hernias (HH) are characterized by a portion of the gastric fundus located above the esophageal hiatus adjacent to the esophagus while the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) remains fixed below the esophageal hiatus. This type of HH has been called the "true" paraesophageal hernia (PEH) because the fundus appears to the side of the esophagus. In our experience, Type II HHs are occasionally identified on radiographic testing, however they are rarely, if ever, confirmed intraoperatively. This led to our question: Does Type II HH exist?

METHODS

We searched for evidence of type II HH in three locations: 1. Retrospective review of all first-time PEH repairs (excluding Type I HHs and re-operative cases) performed at the University of Washington Medical Center from 1994 to 2021; 2. Operative videos available on YouTube and WebSurg websites; and 3. Abstracts from the SAGES annual meetings from 2005 to 2021.

RESULTS

We found no evidence of Type II HH in any of our three searches. We performed 846 PEH repairs: 760 Type III, 75 Type IV, and 11 parahiatal. Upon website video review, we found only one possible type II hernia, though it too was likely a para-hiatal hernia. No video or case presentations of a type II HH were identified within SAGES annual meeting abstracts.

CONCLUSION

Type II HHs do not exist as they are currently defined. Although uncommon, parahiatal hernia can easily be misinterpreted as Type II HH. We should consider changing the hiatal hernia classification system to prevent ongoing clinical confusion.

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies.

Methods

In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality.

Findings

Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference –1·69 [–9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5–8] vs 6 [5–8] cm H₂O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52–23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75–0·86]; p<0·0001).

Interpretation

Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status.

Funding

No funding.

Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (WRAP-IPF): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 2 trial

BACKGROUND

Abnormal acid gastro-oesophageal reflux (GER) is hypothesised to play a role in progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We aimed to determine whether treatment of abnormal acid GER with laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery reduces the rate of disease progression.

METHODS

The WRAP-IPF trial was a randomised controlled trial of laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery in patients with IPF and abnormal acid GER recruited from six academic centres in the USA. We enrolled patients with IPF, abnormal acid GER (DeMeester score of ≥14·7; measured by 24-h pH monitoring) and preserved forced vital capacity (FVC). We excluded patients with a FVC below 50% predicted, a FEV₁/FVC ratio of less than 0·65, a history of acute respiratory illness in the past 12 weeks, a body-mass index greater than 35, and known severe pulmonary hypertension. Concomitant therapy with nintedanib and pirfenidone was allowed. The primary endpoint was change in FVC from randomisation to week 48, in the intention-to-treat population with mixed-effects models for repeated measures. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01982968.

FINDINGS

Between June 1, 2014, and Sept 30, 2016, we screened 72 patients and randomly assigned 58 patients to receive surgery (n=29) or no surgery (n=29). 27 patients in the surgery group and 20 patients in the no surgery group had an FVC measurement at 48 weeks (p=0·041). Intention-to-treat analysis adjusted for baseline anti-fibrotic use demonstrated the adjusted rate of change in FVC over 48 weeks was -0·05 L (95% CI -0·15 to 0·05) in the surgery group and -0·13 L (-0·23 to -0·02) in the non-surgery group (p=0·28). Acute exacerbation, respiratory-related hospitalisation, and death was less common in the surgery group without statistical significance. Dysphagia (eight [29%] of 28) and abdominal distention (four [14%] of 28) were the most common adverse events after surgery. There was one death in the surgery group and four deaths in the non-surgery group.

INTERPRETATION

Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery in patients with IPF and abnormal acid GER is safe and well tolerated. A larger, well powered, randomised controlled study of anti-reflux surgery is needed in this population.

FUNDING

US National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

The Aging Physician and the Medical Profession: A Review

Importance

The issue of the aging physician and when to cease practice has been controversial for many years. There are reports of prominent physicians who practiced after becoming dangerous in old age, but the profession has not demonstrated the ability to prevent this. A mandatory retirement age could be discriminatory and take many competent physicians out of practice and risk a physician shortage. An increasing body of evidence regarding the relationship between physicians' age and performance has led organizations, such as the American College of Surgeons, to revisit this challenge.

Observations

Since 1975, the number of practicing physicians older than 65 years in the United States has increased by more than 374%, and in 2015, 23% of practicing physicians were 65 years or older. Research shows that between ages 40 and 75 years, the mean cognitive ability declines by more than 20%, but there is significant variability from one person to another, indicating that while some older physicians are profoundly impaired, others retain their ability and skills. There are age-based requirements for periodic testing and/or retirement for many professions including pilots, judges, air traffic controllers, Federal Bureau of Investigation employees, and firefighters. While there are not similar requirements for physicians, a few hospitals have introduced mandatory age-based evaluations.

Conclusions

As physicians age, a required cognitive evaluation combined with a confidential, anonymous feedback evaluation by peers and coworkers regarding wellness and competence would be beneficial both to physicians and their patients. While it is unlikely that this will become a national standard soon, individual health care organizations could develop policies similar to those present at a few US institutions. In addition, large professional organizations should identify a range of acceptable policies to address the aging physician while leaving institutions flexibility to customize the approach. Absent robust professional initiatives in this area, regulators and legislators may impose more draconian measures.

Achalasia Treatment, Outcomes, Utilization, and Costs: A Population-Based Study from the United States

BACKGROUND

Randomized trials show that pneumatic dilation (PD) ≥30 mm and laparoscopic myotomy (LM) provide equivalent symptom relief and disease-related quality of life for patients with achalasia. However, questions remain about the safety, burden, and costs of treatment options.

STUDY DESIGN

We performed a retrospective cohort study of achalasia patients initially treated with PD or LM (2009 to 2014) using the Truven Health MarketScan Research Databases. All patients had 1 year of follow-up after initial treatment. We compared safety, health care use, and total and out-of-pocket costs using generalized linear models.

RESULTS

Among 1,061 patients, 82% were treated with LM. The LM patients were younger (median age 49 vs 52 years; p < 0.01), but were similar in terms of sex (p = 0.80) and prevalence of comorbid conditions (p = 0.11). There were no significant differences in the 1-year cumulative risk of esophageal perforation (LM 0.8% vs PD 1.6%; p = 0.32) or 30-day mortality (LM 0.3% vs PD 0.5%; p = 0.71). Laparoscopic myotomy was associated with an 82% lower rate of reintervention (p < 0.01), a 29% lower rate of subsequent diagnostic testing (p < 0.01), and a 53% lower rate of readmission (p < 0.01). Total and out-of-pocket costs were not significantly different (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In the US, LM appears to be the preferred treatment for achalasia. Both LM and PD appear to be safe interventions. Along a short time horizon, the costs of LM and PD were not different. Mirroring findings from randomized trials, LM is associated with fewer reinterventions, less diagnostic testing, and fewer hospitalizations.

Joint Commission now offering Comprehensive Cardiac Center Certification

Comprehensive Cardiac Center Certification is designed for hospitals with robust cardiac care facilities, with the aim of helping institutions to establish the structures, processes, and culture necessary to achieve sustained levels of effective clinical performance and patient outcomes across cardiac specialties and the continuum of care.

Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis at a single centre

We sought to assess whether laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery (LARS) is associated with decreased rates of disease progression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).The study was a retrospective single-centre study of IPF patients with worsening symptoms and pulmonary function despite antacid treatment for abnormal acid gastro-oesophageal reflux. The period of exposure to LARS was September 1998 to December 2012. The primary end-point was a longitudinal change in forced vital capacity (FVC) % predicted in the pre- versus post-surgery periods.27 patients with progressive IPF underwent LARS. At time of surgery, the mean age was 65 years and mean FVC was 71.7% pred. Using a regression model, the estimated benefit of surgery in FVC % pred over 1 year was 5.7% (95% CI -0.9-12.2%, p=0.088) with estimated benefit in FVC of 0.22 L (95% CI -0.06-0.49 L, p=0.12). Mean DeMeester scores decreased from 42 to 4 (p<0.01). There were no deaths in the 90 days following surgery and 81.5% of participants were alive 2 years after surgery.Patients with IPF tolerated the LARS well. There were no statistically significant differences in rates of FVC decline pre- and post-LARS over 1 year; a possible trend toward stabilisation in observed FVC warrants prospective studies. The ongoing prospective randomised controlled trial will hopefully provide further insights regarding the safety and potential efficacy of LARS in IPF.

Esophageal hypermotility: cause or effect?

Nutcracker esophagus (NE), Jackhammer esophagus (JHE), distal esophageal spasm (DES), and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter (HTLES) are defined by esophageal manometric findings. Some patients with these esophageal motility disorders also have abnormal gastroesophageal reflux. It is unclear to what extent these patients' symptoms are caused by the motility disorder, the acid reflux, or both. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) on esophageal motility disorders, gastroesophageal reflux, and patient symptoms. Between 2007 and 2013, we performed high-resolution esophageal manometry on 3400 patients, and 221 patients were found to have a spastic esophageal motility disorder. The medical records of these patients were reviewed to determine the manometric abnormality, presence of gastroesophageal symptoms, and amount of esophageal acid exposure. In those patients that underwent LNF, we compared pre- and postoperative esophageal motility, gastroesophageal symptom severity, and esophageal acid exposure. Of the 221 patients with spastic motility disorders, 77 had NE, 2 had JHE, 30 had DES, and 112 had HTLES. The most frequently reported primary and secondary symptoms among all patients were: heartburn and/or regurgitation, 69.2%; respiratory, 39.8%; dysphagia, 35.7%; and chest pain, 22.6%. Of the 221 patients, 192 underwent 24-hour pH monitoring, and 103 demonstrated abnormal distal esophageal acid exposure. Abnormal 24-hour pH monitoring was detected in 62% of patients with heartburn and regurgitation, 49% of patients with respiratory symptoms, 36.8 % of patients with dysphagia, and 32.6% of patients with chest pain. Sixty-six of the 103 patients with abnormal 24-hour pH monitoring underwent LNF. Thirty-eight (13NE, 2JHE, 6 DES, and 17 HTLES) of these 66 patients had a minimum of 6-month postoperative follow-up that included clinical evaluation, esophageal manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring. Postoperatively, all 38 patients had normal distal esophageal acid exposure. Of these 38 patients, symptoms resolved in 28 and improved in 10. Of six patients (one with NE, two JHE, and three with HTLES) that underwent postoperative esophageal manometry, five exhibited normal motility. Typical reflux symptoms are common among patients with esophageal hypermotility disorders. Abnormal 24-hour pH monitoring is present in the majority of patients with who report typical reflux symptoms and almost half of patients who report respiratory symptoms. Conversely, the majority of patients who report dysphagia or chest pain have normal distal esophageal acid exposure. Based on a small number of patients in this study, it also appears that motility disorders often improve after LNF. LNF is associated with resolution or improvement in reflux related symptoms and esophageal motility parameters in patients exhibiting abnormal esophageal acid exposure. This suggests that patient symptoms are due to abnormal acid exposure and not the motility disorder.

Positron emission tomography for initial staging of esophageal cancer among medicare beneficiaries

BACKGROUND

The role of positron emission tomography (PET) in the initial staging of esophageal cancer is to detect occult metastases, but its ability to do so has not been evaluated at the population-level. In 2001, Medicare approved reimbursement of PET for esophageal cancer staging. We hypothesized rapid adoption of PET after 2001 and a coincident increase in the prevalence of stage IV disease.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study [1997-2009] was conducted of 12,870 Medicare beneficiaries with esophageal cancer using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER)-Medicare database.

RESULTS

PET use increased from <3% before 2001 to 44% in 2009 (post-PET era) (P trend <0.001). Over the same period, the prevalence of stage IV disease also increased (20% in 1997 and 28% in 2009, P trend <0.001). After adjusting for changing patient characteristics over time, the rate of increase in stage IV disease in the post-PET era [relative risk (RR) =1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-1.13] was no different than the rate of increase in the pre-PET era (RR =1.02; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04). Over the entire study period, the prevalence of unrecorded stage decreased by more than half (43% to 18%, adjusted P trend <0.001) with coincident increases in stage 0-III (37% to 53%, adjusted P trend <0.001) as well as stage IV disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The increasing frequency of PET use and stage IV disease over time is more likely explained by improved documentation rather than PET's ability to detect occult metastases. The absence of compelling population-level impact compliments previous studies, revealing an opportunity to increase value through selective use of PET.

Hiatal Herniation After Transhiatal Esophagectomy: an Underreported Complication

INTRODUCTION

The incidence and presentation of hiatal hernias after esophagectomy (HHAE) are not well characterized, and may be changing with increased survival from esophageal cancer. The aims of this study were to define the incidence and presentation of HHAE in our population of patients undergoing transhiatal esophagectomy (THE), as it may have implications for management.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study (2004-2013) was performed of esophageal cancer patients who underwent THE. To determine the presence or absence of HHAE independent of the original radiology report, a radiologist sub-specializing in body imaging independently reviewed post-operative computed tomography images. A time-to-event competing risk analysis was performed to estimate the cumulative incidence of HHAE.

RESULTS

Among 192 patients, the two-year cumulative incidence of HHAE was 14 % (95 % confidence interval 7.5-21 %). Of the 22 patients determined to have HHAE by independent expert radiologist review, only 11 (50 %) were identified by the original interpreting radiologist. Seven patients were symptomatic, and each underwent hiatal hernia repair (4 via laparotomy, 3 via laparoscopy).

CONCLUSION

HHAE is not rare and is often unrecognized. As more patients with esophageal cancer survive, the number of patients becoming symptomatic and requiring repair may also rise. Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis when following patients long-term after esophagectomy.

Causes and treatments of achalasia, and primary disorders of the esophageal body

The following on achalasia and disorders of the esophageal body includes commentaries on controversies regarding whether patients with complete lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation can be considered to exhibit early achalasia; the roles of different mucle components of the LES in achalasia; sensory neural pathways impaired in achalasia; indications for peroral endoscopic myotomy and advantages of the technique over laparoscopic and thorascopic myotomy; factors contributing to the success of surgical therapy for achalasia; modifications to the classification of esophageal body primary motility disorders in the advent of high-resolution manometry (HRM); analysis of the LES in differentiating between achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm (DES); and appropriate treatment for DES, nutcracker esophagus (NE), and hypertensive LES (HTLES).

Respiratory manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is highly associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, arising from a variety of etiologies. The following commentaries on respiratory manifestations of GERD address evidence for a role of a vagally mediated bronchoconstriction reflex in the development of asthma; the direct effects of airway obstruction on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and reflux episodes; the mechanisms by which reflux may play roles in chronic cough and airway stenosis; the limited efficacy of laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) in improving GERD-related respiratory symptoms; the search for a marker for microaspiration and reflux-induced airway disease; and the potential of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment for patients presenting with asthma and GERD.