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Read CC, Edwards JL, Schrick FN, Rhinehart JD, Payton RR, Campagna SR, Castro HF, Klabnik JL, Moorey SE. Preovulatory serum estradiol concentration is positively associated with oocyte ATP and follicular fluid metabolite abundance in lactating beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6620784. [PMID: 35772749 PMCID: PMC9246671 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle induced to ovulate a small, physiologically immature preovulatory follicle had reduced oocyte developmental competence that resulted in decreased embryo cleavage and day 7 embryo quality compared with animals induced to ovulate a more advanced follicle. RNA-sequencing was performed on oocytes and their corresponding cumulus cells approximately 23 h after gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration to induce the preovulatory gonadotropin surge suggested reduced capacity for glucose metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation in the cumulus cells and oocytes from follicles ≤11.7 mm, respectively. We hypothesized that induced ovulation of a small, physiologically immature preovulatory follicle results in a suboptimal follicular microenvironment and reduced oocyte metabolic capacity. We performed a study with the objective to determine the impact of preovulatory follicle diameter and serum estradiol concentration at GnRH administration on oocyte metabolic competence and follicular fluid metabolome profiles. We synchronized the development of a preovulatory follicle and collected the follicle contents via transvaginal aspiration approximately 19 h after GnRH administration in lactating beef cows (n = 319). We determined ATP levels and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in 110 oocytes and performed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic studies on 45 follicular fluid samples. Intraoocyte ATP and the amount of ATP produced per mtDNA copy number were associated with serum estradiol concentration at GnRH and time from GnRH administration to follicle aspiration (P < 0.05). mtDNA copy number was not related to follicle diameter at GnRH, serum estradiol concentration at GnRH, or any potential covariates (P > 0.10). We detected 90 metabolites in the aspirated follicular fluid. We identified 22 metabolites associated with serum estradiol concentration at GnRH and 63 metabolites associated with follicular fluid progesterone concentration at the time of follicle aspiration (FDR < 0.10). Pathway enrichment analysis of significant metabolites suggested altered proteinogenesis, citric acid cycle, and pyrimidine metabolism in follicles of reduced estrogenic capacity pre-gonadotropin surge or reduced progesterone production by the time of follicle aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Read
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Justin D Rhinehart
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca R Payton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hector F Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jessica L Klabnik
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sarah E Moorey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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2
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Horn EJ, Read CC, Edwards JL, Schrick FN, Rhinehart JD, Payton RR, Campagna SR, Klabnik JL, Clark HM, Myer PR, McLean KJ, Moorey SE. Preovulatory follicular fluid and serum metabolome profiles in lactating beef cows with thin, moderate, and obese body condition. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6620790. [PMID: 35772755 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremes in body condition reduce fertility and overall productivity in beef cattle herds, due in part to altered systemic metabolic conditions that influence the intrafollicular and uterine environment. Follicular fluid and serum metabolome profiles are influenced by body composition in women and dairy cattle; however, such information is lacking in beef cattle. We hypothesized that body condition score (BCS)-related alterations in the metabolome of preovulatory follicular fluid and serum may influence oocyte maturation while impacting the oviductal or uterine environment. Therefore, we performed a study with the objective to determine the relationship between BCS and the metabolome of follicular fluid and serum in lactating beef cattle. We synchronized the development of a preovulatory follicle in 130 cows of varying BCS. We collected blood and performed transvaginal follicle aspirations to collect follicular fluid from the preovulatory follicle ~18 h after gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration to stimulate the preovulatory gonadotropin surge. We then selected follicular fluid and serum samples from cows with BCS 4 (Thin; n = 14), BCS 6 (Moderate; n = 18), or BCS >8 (Obese; n = 14) for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. We identified differences in the follicular fluid or serum of thin, moderate, and obese animals based on multiple linear regression. MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for enrichment analysis of significant metabolites. We identified 38 metabolites in follicular fluid and 49 metabolites in serum. There were no significant differences in follicular fluid metabolite content among BCS classifications. There were 5, 22, and 1 serum metabolites differentially abundant between thin-obese, moderate-thin, and moderate-obese classifications, respectively (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.10). These metabolites were enriched in multiple processes including "arginine biosynthesis," "arginine/proline metabolism," and "D-glutamine/D-glutamate metabolism" (FDR < 0.04). Pathways enriched with serum metabolites associated with BCS indicate potentially increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum of thin cows. ROS crossing the blood follicular barrier may negatively impact the oocyte during oocyte maturation and contribute to the reduced pregnancy rates observed in thin beef cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Horn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Casey C Read
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Justin D Rhinehart
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca R Payton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jessica L Klabnik
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hannah M Clark
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Phillip R Myer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kyle J McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sarah E Moorey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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3
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Read CC, Bhandari S, Moorey SE. Concurrent Measurement of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and ATP Concentration in Single Bovine Oocytes. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4040088. [PMID: 34940399 PMCID: PMC8708932 DOI: 10.3390/mps4040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To sustain energy-demanding developmental processes, oocytes must accumulate adequate stores of metabolic substrates and mitochondrial numbers prior to the initiation of maturation. In the past, researchers have utilized pooled samples to study oocyte metabolism, and studies that related multiple metabolic outcomes in single oocytes, such as ATP concentration and mitochondrial DNA copy number, were not possible. Such scenarios decreased sensitivity to intraoocyte metabolic relationships and made it difficult to obtain adequate sample numbers during studies with limited oocyte availability. Therefore, we developed and validated procedures to measure both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and ATP quantity in single oocytes. Validation of our procedures revealed that we could successfully divide oocyte lysates into quarters and measure consistent results from each of the aliquots for both ATP and mtDNA copy number. Coefficient of variation between the values retrieved for mtDNA copy number and ATP quantity quadruplicates were 4.72 ± 0.98 and 1.61 ± 1.19, respectively. We then utilized our methodology to concurrently measure mtDNA copy number and ATP quantity in germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase two (MII) stage oocytes. Our methods revealed a significant increase in ATP levels (GV = 628.02 ± 199.53 pg, MII = 1326.24 ± 199.86 pg, p < 0.001) and mtDNA copy number (GV = 490,799.4 ± 544,745.9 copies, MII = 1,087,126.9 ± 902,202.8 copies, p = 0.035) in MII compared to GV stage oocytes. This finding is consistent with published literature and provides further validation of the accuracy of our methods. The ability to produce consistent readings and expected results from aliquots of the lysate from a single oocyte reveals the sensitivity and feasibility of using this method.
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Zimmerman AD, Mackay L, Kemppainen RJ, Jones MA, Read CC, Schwartz D, Foradori CD. The Herbicide Atrazine Potentiates Angiotensin II-Induced Aldosterone Synthesis and Release From Adrenal Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:697505. [PMID: 34335472 PMCID: PMC8317615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.697505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine is one of the most commonly used pre-emergence and early post-emergence herbicides in the world. We have shown previously that atrazine does not directly stimulate the pituitary or adrenal to trigger hormone release but acts centrally to activate a stress-like activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In doing so, atrazine treatment has been shown to cause adrenal morphology changes characteristic of repeated stress. In this study, adrenals from atrazine treated and stressed animals were directly compared after 4 days of atrazine treatment or restraint stress. Both atrazine and stressed animals displayed reduced adrenocortical zona glomerulosa thickness and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression, indicative of repeated adrenal stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone. To determine if reduced CYP11B2 expression resulted in attenuated aldosterone synthesis, stressed and atrazine treated animals were challenged with angiotensin II (Ang II). As predicted, stressed animals produced less aldosterone compared to control animals when stimulated. However, atrazine treated animals had higher circulating aldosterone concentrations compared to both stressed and control groups. Ang II-induced aldosterone release was also potentiated in atrazine pretreated human adrenocortical carcinoma cells (H295R). Atrazine pretreated did not alter the expression of the rate limiting steroidogenic StAR protein or angiotensin II receptor 1. Atrazine treated animals also presented with higher basal blood pressure than vehicle treated control animals suggesting sustained elevations in circulating aldosterone levels. Our results demonstrate that treatment with the widely used herbicide, atrazine, directly increases stimulated production of aldosterone in adrenocortical cells independent of expression changes to rate limiting steroidogenic enzymes.
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Lovejoy DA, Hogg DW, Dodsworth TL, Jurado FR, Read CC, D'Aquila AL, Barsyte-Lovejoy D. Synthetic Peptides as Therapeutic Agents: Lessons Learned From Evolutionary Ancient Peptides and Their Transit Across Blood-Brain Barriers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:730. [PMID: 31781029 PMCID: PMC6861216 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides play a major role in the transmission of information to and from the central nervous system. However, because of their structural complexity, the development of pharmacological peptide-based therapeutics has been challenged by the lack of understanding of endogenous peptide evolution. The teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP) possess many of the required attributes of a practical peptide therapeutic. TCAPs, associated with the teneurin transmembrane proteins that bind to the latrophilins, members of the Adhesion family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Together, this ligand-receptor unit plays an integral role in synaptogenesis, neurological development, and maintenance, and is present in most metazoans. TCAP has structural similarity to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and related peptides, such as calcitonin and the secretin-based peptides and inhibits the (CRF)-associated stress response. Latrophilins are structurally related to the secretin family of GPCRs. TCAP is a soluble peptide that crosses the blood-brain barrier and regulates glucose transport into the brain. We posit that TCAP represents a phylogenetically older peptide system that evolved before the origin of the CRF-calcitonin-secretin clade of peptides and plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cell-to-cell energy homeostasis. Moreover, it may act as a phylogenetically older peptide system that evolved as a natural antagonist to the CRF-mediated stress response. Thus, TCAP's actions on the CNS may provide new insights into the development of peptide therapeutics for the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Protagenic Therapeutics Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - David W. Hogg
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas L. Dodsworth
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando R. Jurado
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Casey C. Read
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea L. D'Aquila
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Read CC, Dyce PW. All‐trans retinoic acid exposure increases connexin 43 expression in cumulus cells and improves embryo development in bovine oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1865-1873. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Casey C. Read
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of AgricultureAuburn University Auburn Alabama
| | - Paul W. Dyce
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of AgricultureAuburn University Auburn Alabama
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7
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Phillips KM, Read CC, Kriese-Anderson LA, Rodning SP, Brandebourg TD, Biase FH, Marks ML, Elmore JB, Stanford MK, Dyce PW. Plasma metabolomic profiles differ at the time of artificial insemination based on pregnancy outcome, in Bos taurus beef heifers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13196. [PMID: 30181662 PMCID: PMC6123494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility remains the most prevalent reason for cattle being removed from production environments. We utilized metabolomic profiling to identify metabolites in the blood plasma that may be useful in identifying infertile heifers at the time of artificial insemination (AI). Prior to AI, phenotypic parameters including body condition, weight, and reproductive organ measurements were collected. These were determined not effective at differentiating between fertile and infertile heifers. Analysis of the resulting metabolomic profiles revealed 15 metabolites at significantly different levels (T-test P ≤ 0.05), with seven metabolites having a greater than 2-fold difference (T-test P ≤ 0.05, fold change ≥2, ROC-AUC ≥ 0.80) between infertile and fertile heifers. We further characterized the utility of using the levels of these metabolites in the blood plasma to discriminate between fertile and infertile heifers. Finally, we investigated the potential role inflammation may play by comparing the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the white blood cells of infertile heifers to that of fertile heifers. We found significantly higher expression in infertile heifers of the proinflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), and the C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5). Our work offers potentially valuable information regarding the diagnosis of fertility problems in heifers undergoing AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Phillips
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Casey C Read
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Lisa A Kriese-Anderson
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Soren P Rodning
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Terry D Brandebourg
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Fernando H Biase
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Foradori CD, Healy JE, Zimmerman AD, Kemppainen RJ, Jones MA, Read CC, White BD, Yi KD, Hinds LR, Lacagnina AF, Quihuis AM, Breckenridge CB, Handa RJ. Characterization of Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by the Herbicide Atrazine in the Female Rat. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3378-3388. [PMID: 30060079 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used pre-emergence and early postemergence herbicide. Rats gavaged with ATR and its chlorometabolites desethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) respond with a rapid and dose-dependent rise in plasma corticosterone, whereas the major chlorometabolite, diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), has little or no effect on corticosterone levels. In this study, we investigated the possible sites of ATR activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. ATR treatment had no effect on adrenal weights but altered adrenal morphology. Hypophysectomized rats or rats under dexamethasone suppression did not respond to ATR treatment, suggesting that ATR does not directly stimulate the adrenal gland to induce corticosterone synthesis. Immortalized mouse corticotrophs (AtT-20) and primary rat pituitary cultures were treated with ATR, DEA, DIA, or DACT. None of the compounds induced an increase in ACTH secretion or potentiated ACTH release in conjunction with CRH on ACTH release. In female rats gavaged with ATR, pretreatment with the CRH receptor antagonist astressin completely blocked the ATR-induced rise in corticosterone concentrations, implicating CRH release in ATR-induced HPA activation. Intracerebroventricular infusion of ATR, DEA, and DIA but not DACT at concentrations equivalent to peak plasma concentrations after gavage dosing resulted in an elevation of plasma corticosterone concentrations. However, ATR did not induce c-Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results indicate that ATR activates the HPA axis centrally and requires CRH receptor activation, but it does not stimulate cellular pathways associated with CRH neuronal excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Foradori
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jessica E Healy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Arthur D Zimmerman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Robert J Kemppainen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Melaney A Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Casey C Read
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - B Douglas White
- Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kun Don Yi
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Laura R Hinds
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Anthony F Lacagnina
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Alicia M Quihuis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
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Read CC, Willhelm G, Dyce PW. Connexin 43 coupling in bovine cumulus cells, during the follicular growth phase, and its relationship to in vitro embryo outcomes. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:579-589. [PMID: 29697878 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctional coupling between cumulus cells is required for oocytes to reach developmental competence. Multiple connexins, which form these gap junctions, have been found within the ovarian follicles of several species including bovine. The aim of this study was to determine the role of connexin 43 (CX43) and its relationship to embryo development, after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from abattoir sourced, mixed breed, bovine ovaries. COCs were isolated from follicles ranging from 2 to 5 mm in size, representing the preselected follicle pool. Immediately after isolation, two cumulus cell biopsies were collected and stored for analysis pending determination of developmental outcomes. Using in vitro procedures, COCs were individually matured, fertilized, and cultured to the blastocyst stage. Biopsies were grouped as originating from COCs that arrested at the two-cell stage (low developmental competence [LDC]) or having developed to the late morula/blastocyst stage (high developmental competence [HDC]), after IVF and embryo culture. The expression level of CX43 was found to be significantly higher in cumulus cells from COCs that had an HDC when compared with those that had an LDC. Moreover, the gap junctional intercellular coupling rate was significantly higher in cumulus from COCs deemed to have an HDC. Significantly higher expression of the cumulus health markers luteinizing hormone receptor and cytochrome p450 19A1 was found in the cumulus originating from oocytes with HDC, suggesting that this system may provide a mechanism for noninvasively testing for oocyte health in preselected bovine follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Read
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Gabby Willhelm
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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10
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Foradori CD, Whitlock BK, Daniel JA, Zimmerman AD, Jones MA, Read CC, Steele BP, Smith JT, Clarke IJ, Elsasser TH, Keisler DH, Sartin JL. Kisspeptin Stimulates Growth Hormone Release by Utilizing Neuropeptide Y Pathways and Is Dependent on the Presence of Ghrelin in the Ewe. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3526-3539. [PMID: 28977590 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although kisspeptin is the primary stimulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and therefore the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, recent findings suggest kisspeptin can also regulate additional neuroendocrine processes including release of growth hormone (GH). Here we show that central delivery of kisspeptin causes a robust rise in plasma GH in fasted but not fed sheep. Kisspeptin-induced GH secretion was similar in animals fasted for 24 hours and those fasted for 72 hours, suggesting that the factors involved in kisspeptin-induced GH secretion are responsive to loss of food availability and not the result of severe negative energy balance. Pretreatment with the neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBO 3304, blocked the effects of kisspeptin-induced GH release, implicating NPY as an intermediary. Kisspeptin treatment induced c-Fos in NPY and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) cells of the arcuate nucleus. The same kisspeptin treatment resulted in a reduction in c-Fos in somatostatin (SS) cells in the periventricular nucleus. Finally, blockade of systemic ghrelin release or antagonism of the ghrelin receptor eliminated or reduced the ability of kisspeptin to induce GH release, suggesting the presence of ghrelin is required for kisspeptin-induced GH release in fasted animals. Our findings support the hypothesis that during short-term fasting, systemic ghrelin concentrations and NPY expression in the arcuate nucleus rise. This permits kisspeptin activation of NPY cells. In turn, NPY stimulates GHRH cells and inhibits SS cells, resulting in GH release. We propose a mechanism by which kisspeptin conveys reproductive and hormone status onto the somatotropic axis, resulting in alterations in GH release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Foradori
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Brian K Whitlock
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Jay A Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mt. Berry, Georgia 30149
| | - Arthur D Zimmerman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Melaney A Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Casey C Read
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Barbara P Steele
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Jeremy T Smith
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Crawley, Washington 6009, Australia
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Theodore H Elsasser
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Duane H Keisler
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - James L Sartin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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