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Bernabale M, Cognigni F, Mancini C, Proietti A, Mura F, Montanari D, Nigro L, Rossi M, De Vito C. 3D fractures analysis and conservation assessment of wrought iron javelin through advanced non-invasive techniques. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10142. [PMID: 37349367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
3D imaging is a powerful tool of high resolution and non-destructive imaging technology for the study of ancient weapons and military technology, which reveals the original microstructures and corrosion patterns that threaten these artefacts. Here we report quantitative analysis of the 3D distribution and the orientation of fractures, and uncorroded metal particles within a wrought iron javelin unearthed at the Phoenician-Punic site of Motya, Italy. The study aimed to gain a better understanding of the relationship between corrosion and local stresses within the artifact and to evaluate its manufacturing technology, as well as the effects of post-treatment with Paraloid B72 on concretion and mineralized layers. The cracks were quantified in terms of content, size, and orientation. The condition of artefact storage was evaluated by a multi-analytical approach, including X-ray microscopy, field emission electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that a specific technique was used to create a sturdy, lightweight javelin with a central shaft for piercing or thrusting. The fractures appear elongated in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the blade, showing the forging direction of the original metallic block. The study concluded that the artifact had not yet been stabilized due to the presence of lepidocrocite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bernabale
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Cognigni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Mancini
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anacleto Proietti
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Mura
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Montanari
- Department Italian Institute of Oriental Studies - ISO, Sapienza University of Rome, Circonvallazione Tiburtina 4, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nigro
- Department Italian Institute of Oriental Studies - ISO, Sapienza University of Rome, Circonvallazione Tiburtina 4, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Bernabale M, Cognigni F, Nigro L, Rossi M, de Caro T, De Vito C. A comprehensive strategy for exploring corrosion in iron-based artefacts through advanced Multiscale X-ray Microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6125. [PMID: 35414686 PMCID: PMC9005549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The best strategy to tackle complexity when analyzing corrosion in iron artefacts is to combine different analytical methods. Traditional techniques provide effective means to identify the chemistry and mineralogy of corrosion products. Nevertheless, a further step is necessary to upgrade the understanding of the corrosion evolution in three dimensions. In this regard, Multiscale X-ray Microscopy (XRM) enables multi-length scale visualization of the whole object and provides the spatial distribution of corrosion phases. Herein, we propose an integrated workflow to explore corrosion mechanisms in an iron-nail from Motya (Italy) through destructive and non-destructive techniques, which permit the extraction of the maximum information with the minimum sampling. The results reveal the internal structure of the artefact and the structural discontinuities which lead the corrosion, highlighting the compositional differences between the tip and the head of the iron nail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bernabale
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Cognigni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nigro
- Department Italian Institute of Oriental Studies-ISO, Sapienza University of Rome, Circonvallazione Tiburtina 4, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Tilde de Caro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati-National Research Council (ISMN-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Medeghini L, Fayek M, Mignardi S, Coletti F, Contino A, De Vito C. A provenance study of Roman lead-glazed ceramics using lead isotopes and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Di Fazio M, Felici AC, Catalli F, Doménech-Carbó MT, De Vito C, Doménech-Carbó A. Solid-state electrochemical characterization of emissions and authorities producing Roman brass coins. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fabrizi L, Nigro L, Cappella F, Spagnoli F, Guirguis M, Niveau de Villedary y Mariñas AM, Doménech‐Carbó MT, De Vito C, Doménech‐Carbó A. Discrimination and Provenances of Phoenician Red Slip Ware Using both the Solid State Electrochemistry and Petrographic Analyses. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Fabrizi
- Department of Earth SciencesSapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nigro
- ISO – Italian Institute of Oriental StudiesSapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Federico Cappella
- ISO – Italian Institute of Oriental StudiesSapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Federica Spagnoli
- ISO – Italian Institute of Oriental StudiesSapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Michele Guirguis
- Department of History, Humanities and Educational SciencesUniversity of Sassari Piazza Università 21 Sassari Italy
| | | | - María Teresa Doménech‐Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del PatrimoniUniversitat Politècnica de València Camí de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth SciencesSapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Antonio Doménech‐Carbó
- Departament de Química AnalíticaUniversitat de València. Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València) Spain
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Fabrizi L, Di Turo F, Medeghini L, Di Fazio M, Catalli F, De Vito C. The application of non-destructive techniques for the study of corrosion patinas of ten Roman silver coins: The case of the medieval Grosso Romanino. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Di Fazio M, Di Turo F, Medeghini L, Fabrizi L, Catalli F, De Vito C. New insights on medieval Provisini silver coins by a combination of non-destructive and micro-invasive techniques. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Doménech-Carbó MT, Di Turo F, Montoya N, Catalli F, Doménech-Carbó A, De Vito C. FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10676. [PMID: 30013104 PMCID: PMC6048157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of ancient Antoninianus silver coins, dating back between 249 and 274 A.D. and minted in Rome, Galliae, Orient and Ticinum, have been characterized. We use, for the first time, a combination of nano-invasive (focused ion beam-field emission scanning electron microscopy-X-ray microanalysis (FIB-FESEM-EDX), voltammetry of microparticles (VIMP)) and destructive techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)) along with non-invasive, i.e., micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that, contrary to the extended belief, a complex Ag-Cu-Pb-Sn alloy was used. The use of alloys was common in the flourishing years of the Roman Empire. In the prosperous periods, Romans produced Ag-Cu alloys with relatively high silver content for the manufacture of both the external layers and inner nucleus of coins. This study also revealed that, although surface silvering processes were applied in different periods of crisis under the reign of Antoninii, even during crisis, Romans produced Antoninianus of high quality. Moreover, a first attempt to improve the silvering procedure using Hg-Ag amalgam has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
- Institut de Restauraciò del Patrimoni, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Camì de Vera 14, 46022, Valéncia, Spain
| | - Francesca Di Turo
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemí Montoya
- Departament de Quìmica Analìtica, Universitat de Valéncia, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot (Valéncia), Spain
| | | | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Quìmica Analìtica, Universitat de Valéncia, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot (Valéncia), Spain
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
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Di Turo F, De Vito C, Coletti F, Mazzei F, Antiochia R, Favero G. A multi-analytical approach for the validation of a jellified electrolyte: Application to the study of ancient bronze patina. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Di Turo F, Montoya N, Piquero-Cilla J, De Vito C, Coletti F, Favero G, Doménech-Carbó A. Archaeometric analysis of Roman bronze coins from the Magna Mater temple using solid-state voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 955:36-47. [PMID: 28088279 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetry of microparticles (VMP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques, complemented by SEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy, were applied to a set of 15 Roman bronze coins and one Tessera from the temple of Magna Mater (Rome, Italy). The archaeological site, dated back between the second half and the end of the 4th century A.D., presented a complicated stratigraphic context. Characteristic voltammetric patterns for cuprite and tenorite for sub-microsamples of the corrosion layers of the coins deposited onto graphite electrodes in contact with 0.10 M HClO4 aqueous solution yielded a grouping of the coins into three main groups. This grouping was confirmed and refined using EIS experiments of the coins immersed in air-saturated mineral water using the reduction of dissolved oxygen as a redox probe. The electrochemical grouping of coins corroborated the complex stratigraphy of the archaeological site and, above all, the reuse of the coins during the later periods due to the economic issues related to the fall of the Roman Empire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Turo
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemí Montoya
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Joan Piquero-Cilla
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Coletti
- Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il Museo Nazionale Romano e l'Area Archeologica di Roma, P.zza dei Cinquecento 67, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
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Medeghini L, Mignardi S, De Vito C, Conte AM. Evaluation of a FTIR data pretreatment method for Principal Component Analysis applied to archaeological ceramics. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Ballirano P, De Vito C, Ferrini V, Mignardi S. The thermal behaviour and structural stability of nesquehonite, MgCO3.3H2O, evaluated by in situ laboratory parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction: New constraints on CO2 sequestration within minerals. J Hazard Mater 2010; 178:522-528. [PMID: 20167421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to gauge the appropriateness of CO(2) reaction with Mg chloride solutions as a process for storing carbon dioxide, the thermal behaviour and structural stability of its solid product, nesquehonite (MgCO(3).3H(2)O), were investigated in situ using real-time laboratory parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction. The results suggest that the nesquehonite structure remains substantially unaffected up to 373 K, with the exception of a markedly anisotropic thermal expansion acting mainly along the c axis. In the 371-390 K range, the loss of one water molecule results in the nucleation of a phase of probable composition MgCO(3).2H(2)O, which is characterized by significant structural disorder. At higher temperatures (423-483 K), both magnesite and MgO.2MgCO(3) coexist. Finally, at 603 K, periclase nucleation starts and the disappearance of carbonate phases is completed at 683 K. Consequently, the structural stability of nesquehonite at high temperatures suggests that it will remain stable under the temperature conditions that prevail at the Earth's surface. These results will help (a) to set constraints on the temperature conditions under which nesquehonite may be safely stored and (b) to develop CO(2) sequestration via the synthesis of nesquehonite for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ballirano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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Ferrini V, De Vito C, Mignardi S. Synthesis of nesquehonite by reaction of gaseous CO2 with Mg chloride solution: its potential role in the sequestration of carbon dioxide. J Hazard Mater 2009; 168:832-837. [PMID: 19303209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper is reported a novel method to synthesize nesquehonite, MgCO(3) x 3H(2)O, via reaction of a flux of CO(2) with Mg chloride solution at 20+/-2 degrees C. The reaction rate is rapid, with carbonate deposition almost complete in about 10 min. The full characterization of the product of synthesis has been performed to investigate its potential role as a "CO(2)-sequestering medium" and a means of disposing Mg-rich wastewater. We investigated the nesquehonite synthesized using SEM, XRD, FTIR and thermal analysis. The thermodynamic and chemical stability of this low-temperature hydrated carbonate of Mg and its possible transformation products make our method a promising complementary solution to other methods of CO(2) sequestration. Carbonation via magnesium chloride aqueous solutions at standard conditions represents a simple and permanent method of trapping CO(2). It could be applied at point sources of CO(2) emission and could involve rejected brine from desalination plants and other saline aqueous wastes (i.e., "produced water"). The likelihood of using the resulting nesquehonite and the by-products of the process in a large number of applications makes our method an even more attractive solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ferrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
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