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Cakmak S, Cole C, Hebbern C, Andrade J, Dales R. Associations between blood volatile organic compounds, and changes in hematologic and biochemical profiles, in a population-based study. Environ Int 2020; 145:106121. [PMID: 32947160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of volatile organic compound (VOC) levels in blood, on hematological and serum biochemical parameters in the Canadian population. METHODS We tested the association between seven selected VOCs and hematological profiles and serum tests reflecting liver and kidney function and glucose metabolism using a cross-sectional study design in 3950 participants of the Canadian Health Measures Survey from 2012 to 2015. We used generalized linear mixed models adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, education and household income. RESULTS An increase in blood concentration equivalent to the geometric mean for benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, m-, p-xylenes, styrene, and total xylenes was associated with 0.68% (95% CI 0.36, 1.0) to 0.91% (95% CI 0.52, 1.3) increase in hemoglobin, and a 1.79% (95% CI 0.96, 2.62) to 4.11% (95% CI 3.11, 5.11) increase in total white blood cell count. Ethylbenzene, toluene, m-, p-xylenes and styrene were positively associated with increased platelet counts. A geometric mean increase for all VOCs was associated with decreases in creatinine. m- and p-xylenes were associated with a significant change in every measured blood cell count and liver function parameter, and in creatinine. Ethylbenzene was also positively associated with an increase in every measured hematologic parameter, two of the three liver function tests, and creatinine. Results were similar when stratified by age, but differed by smoking status and sex. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that VOCs in blood, at levels found in the Canadian population, may influence blood cell counts and indicators of liver and kidney function, including an inverse association between serum VOC and creatinine. This novel finding merits further investigation to understand the impact of VOCs on human physiology and population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Cakmak
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 101 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Christie Cole
- Indoor Air Contaminants Assessment Section, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Chris Hebbern
- Climate Change and Innovation Bureau, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Julie Andrade
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 101 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Robert Dales
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. 101 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada
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Cakmak S, Hebbern C, Vanos J, Crouse DL, Tjepkema M. Exposure to traffic and mortality risk in the 1991-2011 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). Environ Int 2019; 124:16-24. [PMID: 30639904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that local traffic density and living near major roads can adversely affect health outcomes. We aimed to assess the relationship between local road length, proximity to primary highways, and cause-specific mortality in the 1991 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). In this long-term study of 2.6 million people, based on completion of the long-form census in 1991 and followed until 2011, we used annual residential addresses to determine the total length of local roads within 200 m of postal code representative points and the postal code's distance to primary highways. The association between exposure to traffic and cause-specific non-accidental mortality was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for individual covariates and contextual factors, including census division-level proportion in high school, the percentage of recent immigrants, and neighborhood income. We performed sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for exposure to PM2.5, NO2, or O3, restricting to subjects in core urban areas, and spatial variation by climatic zone. The hazard ratio (HR) for all non-accidental mortality associated with an interquartile increase in length of local roads was 1.05 (95% CI 1.04, 1.05), while for an interquartile range increase in proximity to primary highways, the HR was 1.03 (95% CI 1.02, 1.04). HRs by traffic quartile increased with increasing lengths of local roads, as well as with closer proximity to primary highways, for all mortality causes. The associations were stronger within subjects' resident in urban core areas, attenuated by adjustment for PM2.5, and HRs showed limited spatial variation by climatic zone. In the CanCHEC cohort, exposure to higher road density and proximity to major traffic roads was associated with increased mortality risk from cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, COPD, respiratory disease, and lung cancer, with unclear results for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Cakmak
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 101 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Chris Hebbern
- Climate Change and Innovation Bureau, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- Climate, Atmospheric Science & Physical Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0206, USA; Arizona State University, School of Sustainability, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Dan Lawson Crouse
- New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data, and Training (NB-IRDT) and Department of Sociology University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB PO Box 4400, E3B 5A3, Canada
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Cakmak S, Hebbern C, Pinault L, Lavigne E, Vanos J, Crouse DL, Tjepkema M. Associations between long-term PM 2.5 and ozone exposure and mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CANCHEC), by spatial synoptic classification zone. Environ Int 2018; 111:200-211. [PMID: 29227849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that long-term chronic exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution can increase lung cancer mortality. We analyzed the association between long term PM2.5 and ozone exposure and mortality due to lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, accounting for geographic location, socioeconomic status, and residential mobility. Subjects in the 1991 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC) were followed for 20years, and assigned to regions across Canada based on spatial synoptic classification weather types. Hazard ratios (HR) for mortality, were related to PM2.5 and ozone using Cox proportional hazards survival models, adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics and individual confounders. An increase of 10μg/m3 in long term PM2.5 exposure resulted in an HR for lung cancer mortality of 1.26 (95% CI 1.04, 1.53); the inclusion in the model of SSC zone as a stratum increased the risk estimate to HR 1.29 (95% CI 1.06, 1.57). After adjusting for ozone, HRs increased to 1.49 (95% CI 1.23, 1.88), and HR 1.54 (95% CI 1.27, 1.87), with and without zone as a model stratum. HRs for ischemic heart disease fell from 1.25 (95% CI 1.21, 1.29) for exposure to PM2.5, to 1.13 (95% CI 1.08, 1.19) when PM2.5 was adjusted for ozone. For COPD, the 95% confidence limits included 1.0 when climate zone was included in the model. HRs for all causes of death showed spatial differences when compared to zone 3, the most populated climate zone. Exposure to PM2.5 was related to an increased risk of mortality from lung cancer, and both ozone and PM2.5 exposure were related to risk of mortality from ischemic heart disease, and the risk varied spatially by climate zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Cakmak
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 101 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Chris Hebbern
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 101 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Lauren Pinault
- Research Analyst, Health Analysis, Statistics Canada/Government of Canada, Canada
| | - Eric Lavigne
- Air Health Science Division Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- Climate, Atmospheric Science & Physical Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego 9500, Gilman, Drive #0206, USA
| | - Dan Lawson Crouse
- Epidemiologist of the New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data, and Training (NB-IRDT) and Research Associate in the Department of Sociology University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB, PO Box 4400, E3B 5A3, Canada
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Cakmak S, Hebbern C, Cakmak JD, Dales RE. The influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on lung function in a representative sample of the Canadian population. Environ Pollut 2017; 228:1-7. [PMID: 28500931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the associations between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and selected respiratory physiologic measures in cycles 2 and 3 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, a nationally representative population sample. Using generalized linear mixed models, we tested the association between selected PAH metabolites and 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio between the two (FEV1/FVC) in 3531 people from 6 to 79 years of age. An interquartile change in urinary PAH metabolite was associated with significant decrements in FEV1 and FVC for eight PAHs, 2-hydroxynapthalene, 1-, and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-, 3-, and 9-hydroxyfluorene and 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene. Exposure to PAH may negatively affect lung function in the Canadian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Cakmak
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Chris Hebbern
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jasmine D Cakmak
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Robert E Dales
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
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Cakmak S, Hebbern C, Vanos J, Crouse DL, Burnett R. Ozone exposure and cardiovascular-related mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CANCHEC) by spatial synoptic classification zone. Environ Pollut 2016; 214:589-599. [PMID: 27131819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Our objective is to analyse the association between long term ozone exposure and cardiovascular related mortality while accounting for climate, location, and socioeconomic factors. We assigned subjects with 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC) to one of seven regions based on spatial synoptic classification (SSC) weather types and examined the interaction of exposure to both fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground level ozone and cause of death using survival analysis, while adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics and individual confounders. Correlations between ozone and PM2.5 varied across SSC zones from -0.02 to 0.7. Comparing zones using the most populated SSC zone as a reference, a 10 ppb increase in ozone exposure was associated with increases in hazard ratios (HRs) that ranged from 1.007 (95% CI 0.99, 1.015) to 1.03 (95% CI 1.02, 1.041) for cardiovascular disease, 1.013 (95% CI 0.996, 1.03) to 1.058 (95% CI 1.034, 1.082) for cerebrovascular disease, and 1.02 (95% CI 1.006, 1.034) for ischemic heart disease. HRs remained significant after adjustment for PM2.5. Long term exposure to ozone is related to an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; the risk varies by location across Canada and is not attenuated by adjustment for PM2.5. This research shows that the SSC can be used to define geographic regions and it demonstrates the importance of accounting for that spatial variability when studying the long term health effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Cakmak
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Chris Hebbern
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Box 41053, Lubbock, TX 79409-1053, USA
| | - Dan L Crouse
- Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Rick Burnett
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
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