Teaching-Learning Programs to Prevent and Control Infections Related to Long-Term Central Venous Access Device in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching-learning programs for cancer patients and/or their caregivers or family in preventing and controlling infections associated with long-term central venous access devices.

DATA SOURCES

This systematic review used the CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, and MEDLINE via PubMed portal, Scopus, and Web of Science. Google Scholar was used for the gray literature search. The included studies were analyzed, and the obtained data were qualitatively synthesized. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane tools: RoB 2 and ROBINS-I. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021267530).

CONCLUSION

The teaching-learning programs were implemented through theoretical-practical and theoretical dimensions in five and two studies, respectively. The risk of bias in the studies was low, moderate, severe, and high in one, three, two, and one of them, respectively. The certainty was very low. Teaching-learning programs on central venous access devices care for cancer patients and/or their caregivers or families could be effective in reducing infection rates.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

This systematic review addressed the teaching-learning programs for preventing and controlling infections associated with long-term central venous access devices. We identified that the most programs were effective in reducing the infection rates. The results may influence the clinical practice of oncology nurses, and consequently, the educational strategies and methods provided not only to these patients but for caregivers and families.

Prevalence of adverse events in pronated intubated adult COVID-19 patients: A systematic review with meta-analysis

AIM

To present the pooled estimated prevalence of adverse events in pronated intubated adult COVID-19 patients.

DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

This study used the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases as data sources.

METHODS

The studies were meta-analysed using JAMOVI 1.6.15 software. A random-effects model was used to identify the global prevalence of adverse events, confidence intervals and the heterogeneity data. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.

RESULTS

Of the 7904 studies identified, 169 were included for full reading, and 10 were included in the review. The most prevalent adverse events were pressure injuries (59%), haemodynamic instability (23%), death (17%) and device loss or traction (9%).

CONCLUSION

The most prevalent adverse events in mechanically ventilated pronated patients with COVID-19 are pressure injuries, presence of haemodynamic instability, death and device loss or traction.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATIENT CARE

The evidence identified in this review can help improve the quality and safety of patient care by helping to design care protocols to avoid the development of adverse events that can cause permanent sequelae in these patients.

IMPACT

This systematic review addressed the adverse events related to prone position in intubated adult COVID-19 patients. We identified that the most prevalent adverse events in these patients were pressure injuries, haemodynamic instability, device loss or traction and death. The results of this review may influence the clinical practice of nurses who work in intensive care units and, consequently, the nursing care provided not only to COVID-19 patients but for all intubated patients due to other reasons in intensive care units.

REPORTING METHOD

This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA reporting guideline.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

As this is a systematic review, we analysed data from primary studies conducted by many researchers. Thus, there was no patient or public contribution in this review.

Topical interventions for preventing hand-foot syndrome resulting from antineoplastic therapy: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

To map topical interventions used to prevent hand-foot syndrome in cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy.

METHOD

This is a scoping review reported in accordance with the recommendations of PRISMA-ScR (extension for scoping review) and the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual. The searches were carried out in the electronic databases CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; and gray literature (Google Scholar, Pro-Quest).

RESULTS

The searches resulted in 12,016 references and the final sample consisted of 45 studies. A total of 42 topical interventions were identified, including: moisturizing creams, corticosteroids, acids, mapisal, silymarin, and henna. However, urea was the most cited intervention (62%). As for the presentations of the interventions, they varied among creams, ointments, gels, hydrocolloids, decoctions, patches, powders, oils, and soaps.

CONCLUSION

The results allowed reviewing topical interventions, with emphasis on the use of urea and moisturizing creams. However, most of the interventions identified in this review require evaluation in future studies for better understanding of their benefits.

Complementary therapies in the control of male lower urinary tract symptoms: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

to evaluate diverse scientific evidence on the effectiveness of complementary therapies in the control of lower urinary tract symptoms in the adult and aged male population.

METHOD

a systematic review developed according to the PRISMA checklist. The search was performed in the CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases.

RESULTS

a total of 585 records were identified and 12 clinical trials were selected that met the inclusion criteria. The outcomes considered by the studies for analyzing effectiveness of the complementary therapies were validated questionnaires to assess the severity of the lower urinary tract symptoms (sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, frequent urination, intermittent flow, weak flow, pain or difficulty urinating, nocturia and urgency) and urodynamics parameters. The studies analyzed the complementary phytotherapy (n=8) and electroacupuncture (n=4) therapies. Six studies related to phytotherapy showed statistical significance. Electroacupuncture showed a significant improvement in the symptoms in two studies.

CONCLUSION

pytotherapy was effective to control the simptoms related to frequency, urgency, nocturia, incomplete emptying, intermittence, weak flow and effort to initiate urination. To confirm the effectiveness of electroacupuncture, research studies with well-designed methodologies will also be necessary to resolve the divergences between the studies of this review.

Complementary therapies in the control of male lower urinary tract symptoms: A systematic review

Objective:

to evaluate diverse scientific evidence on the effectiveness of complementary therapies in the control of lower urinary tract symptoms in the adult and aged male population.

Method:

a systematic review developed according to the PRISMA checklist. The search was performed in the CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases.

Results:

a total of 585 records were identified and 12 clinical trials were selected that met the inclusion criteria. The outcomes considered by the studies for analyzing effectiveness of the complementary therapies were validated questionnaires to assess the severity of the lower urinary tract symptoms (sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, frequent urination, intermittent flow, weak flow, pain or difficulty urinating, nocturia and urgency) and urodynamics parameters. The studies analyzed the complementary phytotherapy (n=8) and electroacupuncture (n=4) therapies. Six studies related to phytotherapy showed statistical significance. Electroacupuncture showed a significant improvement in the symptoms in two studies.

Conclusion:

pytotherapy was effective to control the simptoms related to frequency, urgency, nocturia, incomplete emptying, intermittence, weak flow and effort to initiate urination. To confirm the effectiveness of electroacupuncture, research studies with well-designed methodologies will also be necessary to resolve the divergences between the studies of this review.

Terapias complementarias para el control de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior masculino: revisión sistemática

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar la evidencia científica sobre la efectividad de las terapias complementarias para el control de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior en la población masculina adulta y adulta mayor. Método: revisión sistemática desarrollada según la checklist PRISMA. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science y Google Scholar. Resultados: se identificaron 585 registros y se seleccionaron 12 ensayos clínicos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados que los estudios consideraron para analizar la efectividad de las terapias complementarias fueron cuestionarios validados que evaluaban la gravedad de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (sensación de vaciado incompleto de la vejiga, micción frecuente, flujo intermitente, flujo débil, dolor o dificultad para orinar, nicturia y urgencia) y parámetros urodinámicos. Los estudios analizaron las terapias complementarias fitoterapia (n=8) y electroacupuntura (n=4). Seis estudios relacionados con la fitoterapia demostraron significación estadística. La electroacupuntura demostró una mejoría significativa de los síntomas en dos estudios. Conclusión: la fitoterapia fue efectiva para controlar los síntomas de frecuencia, urgencia, nicturia, vaciado incompleto, intermitencia, flujo débil y esfuerzo para iniciar la micción. Para confirmar la efectividad de la electroacupuntura, aún es necesario que se realicen investigaciones con metodologías bien diseñadas para resolver las diferencias entre los estudios de esta revisión.

Prevalence of dermatological toxicities in patients with melanoma undergoing immunotherapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized advanced melanoma care; however, their cutaneous side effects have not been definitively elucidated.

Objective

To identify the prevalence of cutaneous toxicity in patients with melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors as monotherapy and/or in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.

Materials and methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, which encompassed both clinical trials and observational studies describing the dermatological toxicities in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review under the number CRD42018091915. The searches were performed using the CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated with the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data

Results

A total of 9,802 articles were identified in the databases. The final sample comprised 39 studies. The evaluated drugs were ipilimumab, tremelimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab. The results suggest that the most prevalent side effect was grade 1 and 2 pruritus (24%), followed by grade 1 and 2 rash (21%) and grade 1 and 2 vitiligo (10%).

Conclusion

The most prevalent side effects in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors are pruritus, rash, and vitiligo, and they are rated mostly as grades 1 and 2 adverse events. Remarkably, vitiligo is most commonly found in patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors.

Exposure to endocrine disruptors and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between human exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDs) and the risk of breast cancer.

METHODS

This was a systematic review conducted by searching Cochrane Library, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, and Science Direct. Observational studies addressing the association between exposure to EDs and breast cancer risk in adults were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the National Toxicology Program's Office of Health Assessment Translation tool.

RESULTS

a total of 37 studies were included. Most studies reported that exposure to organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was associated with increased breast cancer risk.

CONCLUSION

qualitative analysis of observational studies indicates that human exposure to EDs is associated with increased breast cancer risk. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this association is causal.

Interventions for Occluded Central Venous Catheters: A Meta-analysis

CONTEXT

Thrombotic occlusion is 1 of the most frequent complications in catheters implanted in children.

OBJECTIVE

To identify the interventions used to treat thrombotic events in long-term central venous catheters in pediatric patients with cancer.

DATA SOURCES

Electronic searches were performed in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and ProQuest databases. There were no restrictions on language or publication period.

STUDY SELECTION

This systematic review was performed in 2 phases and included clinical trials and observational studies on drugs used to treat thrombotic catheter events in pediatric patients with cancer. The review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist, and the protocol was registered at PROSPERO (identifier CRD42018083555).

DATA EXTRACTION

The authors evaluated the quality of included studies using the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methods. The meta-analysis was performed by using Stata software.

RESULTS

Ten studies were included. The drugs used to restore catheter function were alteplase, urokinase, and streptokinase. A meta-analysis of 6 studies revealed an overall restoration rate of 88% for alteplase.

LIMITATIONS

Reference studies were excluded when it was not possible to reliably extract data that met the inclusion criteria of this review. Sampling issues (absence of randomization, blinding, or a control group) were the main methodologic concerns for the included articles.

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of the evidence obtained, thrombolysis is effective and potentially safe in this population.

Validation of an educative manual for patients with head and neck cancer submitted to radiation therapy

Objective:

develop the content and face validation of an educative manual for patients with head and neck cancer submitted to radiation therapy.

Method:

descriptive methodological research. The Theory of Psychometrics was used for the validation process, developed by 15 experts in the theme area of the educative manual and by two language and publicity professionals. A minimum agreement level of 80% was considered to guarantee the validity of the material.

Results:

the items addressed in the assessment tool of the educative manual were divided in three blocks: objectives, structure and format, and relevance. Only one item, related to the sociocultural level of the target public, obtained an agreement rate <80%, and was reformulated based on the participants' suggestions. All other items were considered appropriate and/or complete appropriate in the three blocks proposed: objectives - 92.38%, structure and form - 89.74%, and relevance - 94.44%.

Conclusion:

the face and content validation of the educative manual proposed were attended to. This can contribute to the understanding of the therapeutic process the head and neck cancer patient is submitted to during the radiation therapy, besides supporting clinical practice through the nursing consultation.

Medidas de Biossegurança na Administração de Quimioterapia Antineoplásica: Conhecimento dos Enfermeiros

Introdução: A exposição ocupacional às propriedades citotóxicas da quimioterapia implica em riscos à saúde desses profissionais, podendo causar alterações agudas ou crônicas oriundas do manuseio dos agentes antineoplásicos em longo prazo. Objetivo: Identificar o conhecimento de enfermeiros a respeito das medidas de biossegurança para administração de quimioterapia. Método: Estudo descritivo transversal com enfermeiros de um hospital geral. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de questionário autoaplicado e os dados foram analisados através de medidas de tendência central, dispersão e correlações. Resultados: Trinta enfermeiros participaram do estudo e 23 deles informaram nunca ter recebido capacitação para trabalhar com quimioterápicos. O escore médio de conhecimento dos participantes foi 27,6 de um total possível de 37 pontos. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros da instituição pesquisada apresentam conhecimento parcialmente adequado à recomendações de biossegurança. A identificação de lacunas no conhecimento pode orientar o desenvolvimento de protocolos e programas de capacitação, aspecto fundamental atualmente, haja vista o elevado número de pacientes com câncer internados em unidades de clínica médica em hospitais gerais

Intervenções Terapêuticas em Feridas Tumorais: Relato de Casos

Introdução: Feridas tumorais (FT) são formadas pela infiltração de células malignas na estrutura da pele, havendo perda da solução de continuidade cutânea em virtude da proliferação celular descontrolada. Sinais e sintomas como odor, dor, sangramento, exsudato e prurido são observados com frequência. Objetivo: Descrever as intervenções de enfermagem empregadas para minimizar sinais e sintomas da FT. Relato de casos: Dois pacientes com FT foram acompanhados para avaliação quanto ao estadiamento da ferida e controle de sinais e sintomas. Diferentes coberturas foram utilizadas nos curativos, de acordo com a demanda de cada FT. Para controle do odor, utilizaram-se carvão ativado, clorexidina degermante e metronidazol. O manejo do exsudato foi realizado por meio do uso de alginato de cálcio e sódio em fibra e curativos absortivos com carvão ativado. O sangramento era controlado com alginato de cálcio e sódio em fibra e gaze embebida em petrolato. A dor foi mensurada e controlada por meio de analgesia. Conclusões: As FT apresentam características peculiares e necessitam de atenção especializada. A associação de coberturas nos curativos possibilitou minimizar sinais e sintomas.

Nurses' knowledge regarding the handling of the totally-implanted venous access device

In the light of nurses' questions regarding the handling of the totally-implanted venous access device, this study aimed to evaluate these professionals' knowledge. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, whose sample was made up of 28 nurses working on the Internal Medicine ward and in the Emergency Room. The study was undertaken in two stages: interviewing, to evaluate knowledge regarding the handling of the implanted port; and an integrative review to clarify the doubts identified. The results indicated that the nurses' knowledge was inadequate regarding when to use the implanted port, its purpose, the puncture technique, maintenance and handling. It is concluded that the knowledge of the subjects evaluated is inadequate, and that it is necessary for these professionals' clinical skills to be standardized and for them to receive theoretical-practical training.

Tendências da pesquisa envolvendo o uso do toque terapêutico como uma estratégia de enfermagem

O toque terapêutico (TT) é uma das mais antigas terapias vibracionais ainda em uso. Dolores Krieger e Dora Kunz, na década de 1970, foram precursoras da aplicação do método na enfermagem. Desde então, as pesquisas envolvendo o uso do toque terapêutico têm sido desenvolvidas com o intuito de demonstrar a efetividade da intervenção na redução de sinais e sintomas relacionados a diversas doenças. Muitos estudos avaliam o uso do TT de forma isolada, porém, grande parte das pesquisas compara esta estratégia com outras terapias complementares, tais como: música, imagem guiada e relaxamento. Os resultados desses estudos apontam melhora ou redução dos sinais e sintomas investigados nos pacientes submetidos ao TT. Entretanto, vieses metodológicos impossibilitam a generalização dos resultados, tornando indispensável a realização de estudos clínicos bem delineados capazes de comprovar a efetividade da intervenção, além de estudar populações que por ora não são abordadas, como os idosos e recém-nascidos.

Manejo do cateter venoso central totalmente implantado em pacientes oncológicos: revisão integrative

O cateter totalmente implantado é amplamente utilizado durante o tratamento de pacientes com câncer e é capaz de minimizar complicações decorrentes da terapia intravenosa periférica. Assim, buscou-se identificar os cuidados de enfermagem relacionados ao manuseio de cateter totalmente implantado nesses pacientes. Para tanto, realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura que resultou na análise de 15 artigos. O conhecimento produzido está direcionado para o tempo de permanência do cateter, complicações inerentes ao uso, manuseio do dispositivo, percepção do paciente em relação ao cateter e informações ao paciente. Além de demonstrar a complexidade da assistência de enfermagem no manuseio desses dispositivos, os achados podem auxiliar, igualmente, os profissionais que não atuam em oncologia, na aplicação de conhecimentos na prática clínica.