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Siegel R, Hudgens M, Simmons K, Denno D, Bell I, Shelly J, Annekin A, Barett C, Keegan R, Sewell M, Kotagal U. Small prizes increase healthful food selection in a school cafeteria. Appetite 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Ummanni R, Duscharla D, Barett C, Venz S, Schlomm T, Heinzer H, Walther R, Bokemeyer C, Brümmendorf TH, Murthy P, Balabanov S. Prostate cancer-associated autoantibodies in serum against tumor-associated antigens as potential new biomarkers. J Proteomics 2015; 119:218-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Honecker F, Rohlfing T, Harder S, Braig M, Gillis AJ, Glaesener S, Barett C, Bokemeyer C, Buck F, Brümmendorf TH, Looijenga LH, Balabanov S. Proteome analysis of the effects of all-trans retinoic acid on human germ cell tumor cell lines. J Proteomics 2014; 96:300-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Balabanov S, Wilhelm T, Venz S, Keller G, Scharf C, Pospisil H, Braig M, Barett C, Bokemeyer C, Walther R, Brümmendorf TH, Schuppert A. Combination of a proteomics approach and reengineering of meso scale network models for prediction of mode-of-action for tyrosine kinase inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53668. [PMID: 23326482 PMCID: PMC3541187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug discovery, the characterisation of the precise modes of action (MoA) and of unwanted off-target effects of novel molecularly targeted compounds is of highest relevance. Recent approaches for identification of MoA have employed various techniques for modeling of well defined signaling pathways including structural information, changes in phenotypic behavior of cells and gene expression patterns after drug treatment. However, efficient approaches focusing on proteome wide data for the identification of MoA including interference with mutations are underrepresented. As mutations are key drivers of drug resistance in molecularly targeted tumor therapies, efficient analysis and modeling of downstream effects of mutations on drug MoA is a key to efficient development of improved targeted anti-cancer drugs. Here we present a combination of a global proteome analysis, reengineering of network models and integration of apoptosis data used to infer the mode-of-action of various tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines expressing wild type as well as TKI resistance conferring mutants of BCR-ABL. The inferred network models provide a tool to predict the main MoA of drugs as well as to grouping of drugs with known similar kinase inhibitory activity patterns in comparison to drugs with an additional MoA. We believe that our direct network reconstruction approach, demonstrated on proteomics data, can provide a complementary method to the established network reconstruction approaches for the preclinical modeling of the MoA of various types of targeted drugs in cancer treatment. Hence it may contribute to the more precise prediction of clinically relevant on- and off-target effects of TKIs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cluster Analysis
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteomics/methods
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balabanov
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum (UCCH), University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum (UCCH), University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital Aachen (UKA) of the Rheinisch.-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfacultary Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gunhild Keller
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum (UCCH), University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heike Pospisil
- Bioinformatics, University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Melanie Braig
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum (UCCH), University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Barett
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum (UCCH), University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum (UCCH), University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Walther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim H. Brümmendorf
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum (UCCH), University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik IV - Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen (UKA) of the Rheinisch.-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schuppert
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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5
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Ummanni R, Barreto F, Venz S, Scharf C, Barett C, Mannsperger HA, Brase JC, Kuner R, Schlomm T, Sauter G, Sültmann H, Korf U, Bokemeyer C, Walther R, Brümmendorf TH, Balabanov S. Peroxiredoxins 3 and 4 are overexpressed in prostate cancer tissue and affect the proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2452-66. [PMID: 22424448 DOI: 10.1021/pr201172n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the proteome profiling of surgically treated prostate cancers. Hereto, 2D-DIGE and mass spectrometry were performed for protein identification, and data validation for peroxiredoxin 3 and 4 (PRDX3 and PRDX4) was accomplished by reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA). The Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) method was applied to assess whether the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion could influence the degree of overexpression of PRDX3 and PRDX4 in prostate cancer. Lastly, we performed an in vitro functional characterization of both PRDX3 and PRDX4 using the classical human prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and LNCaP. Reverse phase protein arrays verified that the overexpression of both PRDX3 and PRDX4 in tumor samples is negatively correlated with the presence of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. Functional characterization of PRDX3 and PRDX4 activity in PCa cell lines suggests a role of these members of the peroxiredoxin family in the pathophysiology of this tumor entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ummanni
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone marrow transplantation, section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumour Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Ummanni R, Jost E, Braig M, Lohmann F, Mundt F, Barett C, Schlomm T, Sauter G, Senff T, Bokemeyer C, Sültmann H, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Brümmendorf TH, Balabanov S. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) is a potential tumour suppressor in prostate cancer and is frequently silenced by promoter methylation. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:129. [PMID: 21999842 PMCID: PMC3212821 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported significant downregulation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) in prostate cancer (PCa) compared to the surrounding benign tissue. UCHL1 plays an important role in ubiquitin system and different cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. We now show that the underlying mechanism of UCHL1 downregulation in PCa is linked to its promoter hypermethylation. Furthermore, we present evidences that UCHL1 expression can affect the behavior of prostate cancer cells in different ways. Results Methylation specific PCR analysis results showed a highly methylated promoter region for UCHL1 in 90% (18/20) of tumor tissue compared to 15% (3/20) of normal tissues from PCa patients. Pyrosequencing results confirmed a mean methylation of 41.4% in PCa whereas only 8.6% in normal tissues. To conduct functional analysis of UCHL1 in PCa, UCHL1 is overexpressed in LNCaP cells whose UCHL1 expression is normally suppressed by promoter methylation and found that UCHL1 has the ability to decrease the rate of cell proliferation and suppresses anchorage-independent growth of these cells. In further analysis, we found evidence that exogenous expression of UCHL1 suppress LNCaP cells growth probably via p53-mediated inhibition of Akt/PKB phosphorylation and also via accumulation of p27kip1 a cyclin dependant kinase inhibitor of cell cycle regulating proteins. Notably, we also observed that exogenous expression of UCHL1 induced a senescent phenotype that was detected by using the SA-ß-gal assay and might be due to increased p14ARF, p53, p27kip1 and decreased MDM2. Conclusion From these results, we propose that UCHL1 downregulation via promoter hypermethylation plays an important role in various molecular aspects of PCa biology, such as morphological diversification and regulation of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ummanni
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone marrow transplantation with section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumour Zentrum (UCCH), University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Balabanov S, Gontarewicz A, Keller G, Raddrizzani L, Braig M, Bosotti R, Moll J, Jost E, Barett C, Rohe I, Bokemeyer C, Holyoake TL, Brümmendorf TH. Abcg2 overexpression represents a novel mechanism for acquired resistance to the multi-kinase inhibitor Danusertib in BCR-ABL-positive cells in vitro. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19164. [PMID: 21541334 PMCID: PMC3082549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of Imatinib (IM) therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is compromised by the development of IM resistance and by a limited IM effect on hematopoietic stem cells. Danusertib (formerly PHA-739358) is a potent pan-aurora and ABL kinase inhibitor with activity against known BCR-ABL mutations, including T315I. Here, the individual contribution of both signaling pathways to the therapeutic effect of Danusertib as well as mechanisms underlying the development of resistance and, as a consequence, strategies to overcome resistance to Danusertib were investigated. Starting at low concentrations, a dose-dependent inhibition of BCR-ABL activity was observed, whereas inhibition of aurora kinase activity required higher concentrations, pointing to a therapeutic window between the two effects. Interestingly, the emergence of resistant clones during Danusertib exposure in vitro occurred considerably less frequently than with comparable concentrations of IM. In addition, Danusertib-resistant clones had no mutations in BCR-ABL or aurora kinase domains and remained IM-sensitive. Overexpression of Abcg2 efflux transporter was identified and functionally validated as the predominant mechanism of acquired Danusertib resistance in vitro. Finally, the combined treatment with IM and Danusertib significantly reduced the emergence of drug resistance in vitro, raising hope that this drug combination may also achieve more durable disease control in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Aurora Kinases
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Clone Cells
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Synergism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Polyploidy
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balabanov
- Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Knochenmarktransplantation mit Sektion Pneumologie, Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg, Universitäts-Klinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Ummanni R, Mundt F, Pospisil H, Venz S, Scharf C, Barett C, Fälth M, Köllermann J, Walther R, Schlomm T, Sauter G, Bokemeyer C, Sültmann H, Schuppert A, Brümmendorf TH, Balabanov S. Identification of clinically relevant protein targets in prostate cancer with 2D-DIGE coupled mass spectrometry and systems biology network platform. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16833. [PMID: 21347291 PMCID: PMC3037937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer found in men and among the leading causes of cancer death in the western world. In the present study, we compared the individual protein expression patterns from histologically characterized PCa and the surrounding benign tissue obtained by manual micro dissection using highly sensitive two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with mass spectrometry. Proteomic data revealed 118 protein spots to be differentially expressed in cancer (n = 24) compared to benign (n = 21) prostate tissue. These spots were analysed by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS and 79 different proteins were identified. Using principal component analysis we could clearly separate tumor and normal tissue and two distinct tumor groups based on the protein expression pattern. By using a systems biology approach, we could map many of these proteins both into major pathways involved in PCa progression as well as into a group of potential diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. Due to complexity of the highly interconnected shortest pathway network, the functional sub networks revealed some of the potential candidate biomarker proteins for further validation. By using a systems biology approach, our study revealed novel proteins and molecular networks with altered expression in PCa. Further functional validation of individual proteins is ongoing and might provide new insights in PCa progression potentially leading to the design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ummanni
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Mundt
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Pospisil
- Bioinformatics, University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfacultary Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Interfacultary Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Barett
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Fälth
- Cancer Genome Research, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Köllermann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Walther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Sültmann
- Cancer Genome Research, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Schuppert
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim H. Brümmendorf
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik IV - Hämatologie und Onkologie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Balabanov
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Cai D, Brendel C, Barett C, Erben P, Manley PW, Hochhaus A, Neubauer A, Burchert A. Adaptive secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mediates imatinib and nilotinib resistance in BCR/ABL+ progenitors via JAK-2/STAT-5 pathway activation. Blood 2006; 109:2147-55. [PMID: 17090651 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Overcoming imatinib mesylate (IM) resistance and disease persistence in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is of considerable importance to the issue of potential cure. Here we asked whether autocrine signaling contributes to survival of BCR/ABL+ cells in the presence of IM and nilotinib (NI; AMN107), a novel, more selective Abl inhibitor. Conditioned media (CM) of IM-resistant LAMA84 cell clones (R-CM) was found to substantially protect IM-naive LAMA cells and primary CML progenitors from IM- or NI-induced cell death. This was due to an increased secretion of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which was identified as the causative factor mediating IM resistance in R-CM. GM-CSF elicited IM and NI drug resistance via a BCR/ABL-independent activation of the janus kinases 2 (JAK-2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT-5) signaling pathway in GM-CSF receptor α receptor (CD116)–expressing cells, including primary CD34+/CD116+ GM progenitors (GMPs). Elevated mRNA and protein levels of GM-CSF were detected in IM-resistant patient samples, suggesting a contribution of GM-CSF secretion for IM and NI resistance in vivo. Importantly, inhibition of JAK-2 with AG490 abrogated GM-CSF–mediated STAT-5 phosphorylation and NI resistance in vitro. Together, adaptive autocrine secretion of GM-CSF mediates BCR/ABL-independent IM and NI resistance via activation of the antiapoptotic JAK-2/STAT-5 pathway. Inhibition of JAK-2 overcomes GM-CSF–induced IM and NI progenitor cell resistance, providing a rationale for the application of JAK-2 inhibitors to eradicate residual disease in CML.
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MESH Headings
- Benzamides
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/metabolism
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Philipps Universität Giessen und Marburg, Standort Marburg, Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Immunologie, Marburg, Germany
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