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Leiblich A, Hellberg JEEU, Sekar A, Gandy C, Mendes CC, Redhai S, Mason J, Wainwright M, Marie P, Goberdhan DCI, Hamdy FC, Wilson C. Mating induces switch from hormone-dependent to hormone-independent steroid receptor-mediated growth in Drosophila secondary cells. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000145. [PMID: 31589603 PMCID: PMC6797231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive glands like the mammalian prostate and the paired Drosophila melanogaster accessory glands secrete seminal fluid components that enhance fecundity. In humans, the prostate, stimulated by environmentally regulated endocrine and local androgens, grows throughout adult life. We previously showed that in fly accessory glands, secondary cells (SCs) and their nuclei also grow in adults, a process enhanced by mating and controlled by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling. Here, we demonstrate that BMP-mediated SC growth is dependent on the receptor for the developmental steroid ecdysone, whose concentration is reported to reflect sociosexual experience in adults. BMP signalling appears to regulate ecdysone receptor (EcR) levels via one or more mechanisms involving the EcR's N terminus or the RNA sequence that encodes it. Nuclear growth in virgin males is dependent on ecdysone, some of which is synthesised in SCs. However, mating induces additional BMP-mediated nuclear growth via a cell type-specific form of hormone-independent EcR signalling, which drives genome endoreplication in a subset of adult SCs. Switching to hormone-independent endoreplication after mating allows growth and secretion to be hyperactivated independently of ecdysone levels in SCs, permitting more rapid replenishment of the accessory gland luminal contents. Our data suggest mechanistic parallels between this physiological, behaviour-induced signalling switch and altered pathological signalling associated with prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Leiblich
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aashika Sekar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Gandy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia C. Mendes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siamak Redhai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Mason
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wainwright
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Marie
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah C. I. Goberdhan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The stability of samples is crucial for getting reliable concentrations of many analytes, including lipid profile. Thus, the goal of this study was to analyze lipid profile under different storage and temperature conditions. This was a prospective study with 809 patients of both genders. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein were measured within 1 h from collection at room temperature, after 2-3 h of refrigeration (8°C) and after 4-5 h at room temperature. The processing time and storage conditions did not affect the analytes measured. These findings are important for multicenter studies, because of the difficulties related to centrifugation and freezing of samples immediately after collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N França
- Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Setor de Lípides, Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C C Mendes
- Laboratório Central, Disciplina de Medicina Laboratorial, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C E S Ferreira
- Laboratório Central, Disciplina de Medicina Laboratorial, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Medicina Diagnóstica Ambulatorial, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Enhancers regulate precise spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression in eukaryotes and, moreover, evolutionary changes in these modular cis-regulatory elements may represent the predominant genetic basis for phenotypic evolution. Here, we review approaches to identify and functionally analyze enhancers and their transcription factor binding sites, including assay for transposable-accessible chromatin-sequencing (ATAC-Seq) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9, respectively. We also explore enhancer functionality, including how transcription factor binding sites combine to regulate transcription, as well as research on shadow and super enhancers, and how enhancers can act over great distances and even in trans. Finally, we discuss recent theoretical and empirical data on how transcription factor binding sites and enhancers evolve. This includes how the function of enhancers is maintained despite the turnover of transcription factor binding sites as well as reviewing studies where mutations in enhancers have been shown to underlie morphological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Buffry
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C C Mendes
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A P McGregor
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Two new glycosyl phenylpropenoid acids, 4-O-beta-glucopyranosyloxy-(Z)-7-hydroxycinnamic acid (1) and 4-O-beta-glucopyranosyloxy-(Z)-8-hydroxycinnamic acid (2), besides lupeol and aghatisflavone, were isolated from the leaves of Caesalpinia pyramidalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Mendes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Ondina, 40170-290, Salvador-BA, Brazil
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